[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1395},["ShallowReactive",2],{"handbook":3,"handbook:values:your-role-in-the-community":1348},{"chapters":4},[5,147,261,794,1071],{"id":6,"free":7,"title":8,"topics":9,"summary":146},"values",true,"Values and principles",[10,34,50,62,90,110,122],{"id":11,"title":12,"slides":13},"british-values","British values",[14,18,22,26,30],{"id":15,"title":16,"preview":17},"the-shared-values","The shared values","People in the UK come from many backgrounds and hold many beliefs, but they are expected to share so",{"id":19,"title":20,"preview":21},"where-british-rights-come-from","Where British rights come from","Many rights in the UK grew slowly over centuries. Magna Carta, agreed in 1215, said the king also ha",{"id":23,"title":24,"preview":25},"the-european-convention-on-human-rights","The European Convention on Human Rights","British lawyers helped to write the European Convention on Human Rights, and in 1950 the UK was one ",{"id":27,"title":28,"preview":29},"rights-in-the-convention","Rights in the Convention","The Convention protects, among others: the right to life; freedom from torture; freedom from slavery",{"id":31,"title":32,"preview":33},"equal-treatment","Equal treatment","The Equality Act 2010 protects people in Great Britain from unfair treatment because of age, disabil",{"id":35,"title":36,"slides":37},"protection-from-harm","Protection from harm",[38,42,46],{"id":39,"title":40,"preview":41},"domestic-abuse","Domestic abuse","Violence or abuse at home is a serious crime. It is not a private family matter. Anyone who is viole",{"id":43,"title":44,"preview":45},"forced-marriage","Forced marriage","Both people must agree freely to a marriage. An arranged marriage, where the families help but both ",{"id":47,"title":48,"preview":49},"female-genital-mutilation","Female genital mutilation","Female genital mutilation (FGM), also called cutting or female circumcision, is a crime in the UK. I",{"id":51,"title":52,"slides":53},"rights-and-responsibilities","Rights and responsibilities",[54,58],{"id":55,"title":56,"preview":57},"responsibilities-everyone-shares","Responsibilities everyone shares","Living in the UK brings duties as well as rights. People are expected to obey the law and respect th",{"id":59,"title":60,"preview":61},"duties-set-by-law","Duties set by law","Some responsibilities are legal duties, not just good manners. You must obey the law and pay the tax",{"id":63,"title":64,"slides":65},"your-role-in-the-community","Your role in the community",[66,70,74,78,82,86],{"id":67,"title":68,"preview":69},"being-a-good-neighbour","Being a good neighbour","When you move into a new home, it is a good idea to introduce yourself to your neighbours. They can ",{"id":71,"title":72,"preview":73},"helping-at-your-child-s-school","Helping at your child's school","Parents can often help at their children's school, for example by listening to children read, helpin",{"id":75,"title":76,"preview":77},"school-governors","School governors","School governors are volunteers from the local community who help run a school. They must be 18 or o",{"id":79,"title":80,"preview":81},"supporting-a-political-party","Supporting a political party","Political parties welcome new members. Members help most at election time. They hand out leaflets an",{"id":83,"title":84,"preview":85},"helping-with-local-services","Helping with local services","Many local services look for volunteers, from hospitals to youth projects. Universities, housing ass",{"id":87,"title":88,"preview":89},"blood-and-organ-donation","Blood and organ donation","Hospitals need donated blood to treat people with many kinds of illness and injury. A visit to give ",{"id":91,"title":92,"slides":93},"volunteering","Volunteering",[94,98,102,106],{"id":95,"title":96,"preview":97},"why-people-volunteer","Why people volunteer","Volunteering means working for free to help others. You are not paid, although some organisations pa",{"id":99,"title":100,"preview":101},"ways-to-volunteer","Ways to volunteer","There are many kinds of volunteering. You could care for animals at a rescue centre, help at a youth",{"id":103,"title":104,"preview":105},"charities","Charities","The UK has thousands of charities, large and small. The British Red Cross is part of an internationa",{"id":107,"title":108,"preview":109},"young-volunteers","Young volunteers","People under 18 can volunteer too, in roles that suit their age. Organisations may need a parent's p",{"id":111,"title":112,"slides":113},"looking-after-the-environment","Looking after the environment",[114,118],{"id":115,"title":116,"preview":117},"recycling-and-waste","Recycling and waste","Recycling saves energy and raw materials, and it means less rubbish goes to landfill. Your council t",{"id":119,"title":120,"preview":121},"shopping-and-travelling-greener","Shopping and travelling greener","Buying food and goods from local shops and farmers supports local businesses. Local products travel ",{"id":123,"title":124,"slides":125},"the-life-in-the-uk-test","The Life in the UK test",[126,130,134,138,142],{"id":127,"title":128,"preview":129},"who-takes-the-test","Who takes the test","Most adults who apply to settle in the UK or to become a British citizen must pass the Life in the U",{"id":131,"title":132,"preview":133},"booking-the-test","Booking the test","You book the test online, at least three days before the date you want. It costs £50. You need an em",{"id":135,"title":136,"preview":137},"on-the-day","On the day","Bring the same original ID you used to book. A copy or screenshot is not accepted. Staff will take y",{"id":139,"title":140,"preview":141},"questions-and-the-pass-mark","Questions and the pass mark","You need 75% or more to pass, which means at least 18 correct answers out of 24. Questions come in f",{"id":143,"title":144,"preview":145},"after-the-test","After the test","If you pass, you get a unique reference number. You put it on your settlement or citizenship applica","Democracy, the rule of law, personal freedom and tolerance.",{"id":148,"free":149,"title":150,"topics":151,"summary":260},"nations",false,"The UK and its nations",[152,168,180,192,204,224],{"id":153,"title":154,"slides":155},"what-the-uk-is","What the UK is",[156,160,164],{"id":157,"title":158,"preview":159},"four-nations-one-country","Four nations, one country","The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It has fou",{"id":161,"title":162,"preview":163},"islands-linked-to-the-uk","Islands linked to the UK","Some places are close to the UK but are not part of it. Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are cal",{"id":165,"title":166,"preview":167},"one-parliament-three-devolved-governments","One Parliament, three devolved governments","The UK Parliament sits at Westminster in London and makes laws for the whole country. Scotland, Wale",{"id":169,"title":170,"slides":171},"capitals-and-cities","Capitals and cities",[172,176],{"id":173,"title":174,"preview":175},"the-four-capitals","The four capitals","London is the capital of England and of the whole UK. It is also the largest city by far. Edinburgh ",{"id":177,"title":178,"preview":179},"from-one-end-to-the-other","From one end to the other","Land's End is at the south-western tip of Cornwall, in England. John o' Groats is in the far north-e",{"id":181,"title":182,"slides":183},"money","Money",[184,188],{"id":185,"title":186,"preview":187},"pounds-and-pence","Pounds and pence","The UK has one currency, the pound sterling (£, code GBP). One pound is 100 pence. The everyday coin",{"id":189,"title":190,"preview":191},"scottish-and-northern-irish-notes","Scottish and Northern Irish notes","Some banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland print their own notes. They are still pounds sterling an",{"id":193,"title":194,"slides":195},"languages","Languages",[196,200],{"id":197,"title":198,"preview":199},"english-and-welsh","English and Welsh","English is the main language everywhere in the UK, spoken with many accents and dialects. Wales has ",{"id":201,"title":202,"preview":203},"gaelic-scots-and-irish","Gaelic, Scots and Irish","In Scotland, some people speak Scottish Gaelic, another Celtic language. It is strongest in the High",{"id":205,"title":206,"slides":207},"population","Population",[208,212,216,220],{"id":209,"title":210,"preview":211},"how-many-people-live-here","How many people live here","About 69.5 million people lived in the UK in mid-2025, according to the Office for National Statisti",{"id":213,"title":214,"preview":215},"why-the-population-changes","Why the population changes","A population grows when more people are born than die, and when more people move in than move out. F",{"id":217,"title":218,"preview":219},"an-ageing-population","An ageing population","People in the UK are living longer, thanks to better health care and living conditions. In England a",{"id":221,"title":222,"preview":223},"equal-rights-for-women-and-men","Equal rights for women and men","The law protects people from unfair treatment because of their sex. In Great Britain the main law is",{"id":225,"title":226,"slides":227},"places-of-interest","Places of interest",[228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256],{"id":229,"title":230,"preview":231},"national-parks","National parks","England, Scotland and Wales have 15 national parks between them: ten in England, three in Wales and ",{"id":233,"title":234,"preview":235},"the-lake-district","The Lake District","The Lake District, in Cumbria in the north-west of England, is England's largest national park. It c",{"id":237,"title":238,"preview":239},"eryri-snowdonia","Eryri (Snowdonia)","Eryri, also called Snowdonia, is a national park in North Wales and the largest in Wales. Its best-k",{"id":241,"title":242,"preview":243},"loch-lomond","Loch Lomond","Loch Lomond is in the west of Scotland, at the edge of the Highlands. By surface area it is the larg",{"id":245,"title":246,"preview":247},"the-giant-s-causeway","The Giant's Causeway","The Giant's Causeway is on the north coast of County Antrim, in Northern Ireland. It is made of abou",{"id":249,"title":250,"preview":251},"big-ben-and-the-london-eye","Big Ben and the London Eye","Big Ben is the nickname of the Great Bell in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament. Many peopl",{"id":253,"title":254,"preview":255},"the-tower-of-london","The Tower of London","William the Conqueror began the Tower of London at the end of 1066, soon after he became king. It st",{"id":257,"title":258,"preview":259},"edinburgh-castle-and-the-eden-project","Edinburgh Castle and the Eden Project","Edinburgh Castle sits on a rock above the centre of Edinburgh. People have used the site since the e","England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and how they fit together.",{"id":262,"free":149,"title":263,"topics":264,"summary":793},"history","History",[265,289,305,329,345,365,405,453,505,549,597,653,681,713],{"id":266,"title":267,"slides":268},"early-britain","Early Britain",[269,273,277,281,285],{"id":270,"title":271,"preview":272},"the-first-people","The first people","The first people in Britain were hunter-gatherers. They lived in the Stone Age and moved around to f",{"id":274,"title":275,"preview":276},"the-first-farmers-and-stonehenge","The first farmers and Stonehenge","Farming came to Britain about 6,000 years ago with new people from mainland Europe. DNA studies show",{"id":278,"title":279,"preview":280},"skara-brae","Skara Brae","Skara Brae is a Stone Age village on Orkney, a group of islands off the north coast of Scotland. Its",{"id":282,"title":283,"preview":284},"the-bronze-age","The Bronze Age","About 4,000 years ago people in Britain learned to make bronze, a metal made from copper and tin. Th",{"id":286,"title":287,"preview":288},"the-iron-age","The Iron Age","The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, when people learned to make tools and weapons from iron",{"id":290,"title":291,"slides":292},"roman-britain","Roman Britain",[293,297,301],{"id":294,"title":295,"preview":296},"the-romans-arrive","The Romans arrive","Julius Caesar came to Britain with a Roman army in 55 BC, but he did not conquer it. Almost 100 year",{"id":298,"title":299,"preview":300},"hadrian-s-wall","Hadrian's Wall","The Romans never conquered the whole of what is now Scotland. In AD 122 Emperor Hadrian began a wall",{"id":302,"title":303,"preview":304},"four-hundred-years-of-roman-rule","Four hundred years of Roman rule","The Romans stayed in Britain for about 400 years. They built towns, public buildings and straight ro",{"id":306,"title":307,"slides":308},"anglo-saxons-vikings-and-the-first-kingdoms","Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and the first kingdoms",[309,313,317,321,325],{"id":310,"title":311,"preview":312},"the-anglo-saxons","The Anglo-Saxons","After the Romans left, tribes from northern Europe came to Britain. They were the Jutes, the Angles ",{"id":314,"title":315,"preview":316},"christianity-spreads","Christianity spreads","The Anglo-Saxons were not Christian when they arrived. Missionaries came to teach them. From Ireland",{"id":318,"title":319,"preview":320},"the-vikings","The Vikings","The Vikings came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The first recorded Viking attack on England was ar",{"id":322,"title":323,"preview":324},"alfred-the-great-and-the-danelaw","Alfred the Great and the Danelaw","Alfred the Great was king of Wessex. He led the Anglo-Saxons against the Vikings and won a big victo",{"id":326,"title":327,"preview":328},"one-england-and-the-start-of-scotland","One England, and the start of Scotland","In 927 Athelstan, Alfred's grandson, took York from the Vikings and became the first king of all Eng",{"id":330,"title":331,"slides":332},"1066-and-the-normans","1066 and the Normans",[333,337,341],{"id":334,"title":335,"preview":336},"the-battle-of-hastings","The Battle of Hastings","In 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, in what is now northern France, invaded England. He defeated the ",{"id":338,"title":339,"preview":340},"what-the-normans-changed","What the Normans changed","The Normans replaced the Anglo-Saxon rulers and brought new ways of governing. Their language, Norma",{"id":342,"title":343,"preview":344},"feudalism","Feudalism","The Normans brought a system called feudalism. The king gave land to his lords. In return the lords ",{"id":346,"title":347,"slides":348},"the-middle-ages-wars-and-plague","The Middle Ages: wars and plague",[349,353,357,361],{"id":350,"title":351,"preview":352},"wales-and-scotland","Wales and Scotland","The Middle Ages are the years from 1066 to 1485. English kings fought for control of Wales, Scotland",{"id":354,"title":355,"preview":356},"ireland-and-the-pale","Ireland and the Pale","At the start of the Middle Ages Ireland was an independent country. The English first went there as ",{"id":358,"title":359,"preview":360},"wars-abroad","Wars abroad","English kings also fought outside Britain. Many knights joined the Crusades, wars in which European ",{"id":362,"title":363,"preview":364},"the-black-death","The Black Death","In 1348 a plague called the Black Death reached Britain. It killed at least one third of the people ",{"id":366,"title":367,"slides":368},"the-middle-ages-law-language-and-culture","The Middle Ages: law, language and culture",[369,373,377,381,385,389,393,397,401],{"id":370,"title":371,"preview":372},"magna-carta","Magna Carta","Before 1215 there were few limits on what a king could do. In that year a group of nobles, called ba",{"id":374,"title":375,"preview":376},"the-first-parliaments","The first Parliaments","Parliament grew from the king's council of nobles and Church leaders. Kings called Parliament mainly",{"id":378,"title":379,"preview":380},"judges-and-the-law","Judges and the law","In the Middle Ages judges became more independent of the king. In England judges decided cases using",{"id":382,"title":383,"preview":384},"how-english-was-born","How English was born","After 1066 the king and the nobles spoke Norman French. Ordinary people spoke Anglo-Saxon, also call",{"id":386,"title":387,"preview":388},"chaucer-caxton-and-barbour","Chaucer, Caxton and Barbour","Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English before 1400. In these poems a group of pilgri",{"id":390,"title":391,"preview":392},"castles-cathedrals-and-trade","Castles, cathedrals and trade","Many castles were built in the Middle Ages, partly for defence. Some are still in use, such as Winds",{"id":394,"title":395,"preview":396},"skilled-people-from-abroad","Skilled people from abroad","Over the centuries Britain gained from people who brought special skills. Huguenot weavers came from",{"id":398,"title":399,"preview":400},"the-wars-of-the-roses","The Wars of the Roses","In 1455 a civil war began in England over who should be king. It was fought between two noble famili",{"id":402,"title":403,"preview":404},"henry-vii-and-the-tudor-rose","Henry VII and the Tudor rose","Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, the niece of Richard III. This joined the two families. Henry w",{"id":406,"title":407,"slides":408},"the-tudors","The Tudors",[409,413,417,421,425,429,433,437,441,445,449],{"id":410,"title":411,"preview":412},"henry-viii-breaks-with-rome","Henry VIII breaks with Rome","Henry VIII is famous for two things: he broke away from the Church of Rome, and he married six times",{"id":414,"title":415,"preview":416},"henry-viii-s-six-wives-1","Henry VIII's six wives (1)","Catherine of Aragon was a Spanish princess. Only one of their children survived, a daughter, Mary. H",{"id":418,"title":419,"preview":420},"henry-viii-s-six-wives-2","Henry VIII's six wives (2)","The fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, was a German princess. Henry married her for political reasons and ",{"id":422,"title":423,"preview":424},"the-reformation","The Reformation","Henry's break with Rome was part of the Reformation, a movement across Europe against the power of t",{"id":426,"title":427,"preview":428},"edward-vi-lady-jane-grey-and-mary-i","Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey and Mary I","Henry's son Edward VI became king at nine. He was a strong Protestant, and the Book of Common Prayer",{"id":430,"title":431,"preview":432},"elizabeth-i","Elizabeth I","Elizabeth I was a Protestant. She made the Church of England the official church again. People had t",{"id":434,"title":435,"preview":436},"the-reformation-in-scotland","The Reformation in Scotland","In 1560 the Scottish Parliament, which was mostly Protestant, ended the Pope's authority in Scotland",{"id":438,"title":439,"preview":440},"mary-queen-of-scots","Mary, Queen of Scots","Mary Stuart, known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was a Catholic. She became queen at six days old, when h",{"id":442,"title":443,"preview":444},"explorers-and-the-first-colonies","Explorers and the first colonies","The Elizabethan period was a time of growing pride in being English. English sailors looked for new ",{"id":446,"title":447,"preview":448},"william-shakespeare","William Shakespeare","William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and died in 1616. He was a playwright an",{"id":450,"title":451,"preview":452},"shakespeare-s-words-today","Shakespeare's words today","People still quote lines from Shakespeare, often without knowing it. \"To be or not to be\" comes from",{"id":454,"title":455,"slides":456},"the-stuarts-and-the-civil-war","The Stuarts and the Civil War",[457,461,465,469,473,477,481,485,489,493,497,501],{"id":458,"title":459,"preview":460},"james-i-and-the-king-james-bible","James I and the King James Bible","Elizabeth I never married and had no children. When she died in 1603, her cousin James VI of Scotlan",{"id":462,"title":463,"preview":464},"ireland-and-the-plantations","Ireland and the plantations","Ireland was mainly Catholic. The English slowly took control of the whole island, and Henry VIII too",{"id":466,"title":467,"preview":468},"charles-i-and-parliament","Charles I and Parliament","James I and his son Charles I believed in the Divine Right of Kings. This was the idea that God chos",{"id":470,"title":471,"preview":472},"the-civil-war-begins","The Civil War begins","Parliament refused to give Charles the money unless it got more control. A rebellion also broke out ",{"id":474,"title":475,"preview":476},"the-commonwealth-and-oliver-cromwell","The Commonwealth and Oliver Cromwell","Charles I was taken prisoner. He still would not agree with Parliament, and he was executed in 1649.",{"id":478,"title":479,"preview":480},"the-restoration","The Restoration","Cromwell became Lord Protector, the leader of the republic, and ruled until he died in 1658. His son",{"id":482,"title":483,"preview":484},"plague-and-fire-in-london","Plague and fire in London","In 1665 a plague killed many thousands of people in London, mostly in the poorer areas. In 1666 the ",{"id":486,"title":487,"preview":488},"habeas-corpus-and-the-royal-society","Habeas Corpus and the Royal Society","In 1679 the Habeas Corpus Act became law. It protects people from being held in prison unlawfully. E",{"id":490,"title":491,"preview":492},"isaac-newton","Isaac Newton","Isaac Newton was born in 1643 in Lincolnshire, in eastern England. He studied at Cambridge Universit",{"id":494,"title":495,"preview":496},"james-ii-a-catholic-king","James II, a Catholic king","Charles II had no legitimate children. When he died in 1685, his brother became King James II, or Ja",{"id":498,"title":499,"preview":500},"the-glorious-revolution","The Glorious Revolution","In 1688 important Protestants asked William of Orange to come to England. William was the Protestant",{"id":502,"title":503,"preview":504},"the-boyne-killiecrankie-and-glencoe","The Boyne, Killiecrankie and Glencoe","James wanted his throne back. He landed in Ireland with French troops, but William defeated him at t",{"id":506,"title":507,"slides":508},"parliament-takes-charge","Parliament takes charge",[509,513,517,521,525,529,533,537,541,545],{"id":510,"title":511,"preview":512},"the-bill-of-rights","The Bill of Rights","When William and Mary took the throne in 1689, a Declaration of Rights was read. The Bill of Rights ",{"id":514,"title":515,"preview":516},"whigs-tories-and-a-free-press","Whigs, Tories and a free press","The monarch now needed ministers who could win votes in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.",{"id":518,"title":519,"preview":520},"rotten-boroughs","Rotten boroughs","Voting was not fair. Women could not vote at all. Some areas that elected an MP were controlled by r",{"id":522,"title":523,"preview":524},"new-arrivals","New arrivals","In the 17th and 18th centuries many people left Britain for the new colonies in America and elsewher",{"id":526,"title":527,"preview":528},"the-union-of-1707","The Union of 1707","Queen Anne ruled after William III. None of her children survived, so people worried about who would",{"id":530,"title":531,"preview":532},"george-i-and-the-first-prime-minister","George I and the first Prime Minister","Queen Anne died in 1714. Parliament chose George I, a German and Anne's closest Protestant relative,",{"id":534,"title":535,"preview":536},"bonnie-prince-charlie-and-culloden","Bonnie Prince Charlie and Culloden","In 1745 Charles Edward Stuart, called Bonnie Prince Charlie, tried to take the throne from George II",{"id":538,"title":539,"preview":540},"the-highland-clearances","The Highland Clearances","After Culloden, clan chiefs became landlords if the king favoured them. Clansmen became tenants who ",{"id":542,"title":543,"preview":544},"robert-burns","Robert Burns","Robert Burns (1759 to 1796) is Scotland's best known poet, often called \"the Bard\". He wrote in the ",{"id":546,"title":547,"preview":548},"the-enlightenment","The Enlightenment","In the 18th century new ideas about politics, philosophy and science spread. This period is called t",{"id":550,"title":551,"slides":552},"industry-trade-and-empire","Industry, trade and empire",[553,557,561,565,569,573,577,581,585,589,593],{"id":554,"title":555,"preview":556},"the-industrial-revolution","The Industrial Revolution","Before the 18th century most people in Britain worked on the land. Many also made cloth or lace at h",{"id":558,"title":559,"preview":560},"steel-ships-and-railways","Steel, ships and railways","The Bessemer process made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large amounts. This helped shi",{"id":562,"title":563,"preview":564},"richard-arkwright","Richard Arkwright","Richard Arkwright (1732 to 1792) started work as a barber and wig-maker. He then moved into the cott",{"id":566,"title":567,"preview":568},"trade-and-colonies","Trade and colonies","Britain's trade and territory grew in this period. Captain James Cook mapped the coast of Australia.",{"id":570,"title":571,"preview":572},"sake-dean-mahomet","Sake Dean Mahomet","Sake Dean Mahomet was born in 1759 in the Bengal region of India. He served in the East India Compan",{"id":574,"title":575,"preview":576},"the-slave-trade","The slave trade","Part of Britain's wealth came from the slave trade. Before 1807 British ships were allowed to carry ",{"id":578,"title":579,"preview":580},"ending-the-slave-trade","Ending the slave trade","Many people in Britain opposed slavery. Quakers set up some of the first anti-slavery groups in the ",{"id":582,"title":583,"preview":584},"workers-after-slavery","Workers after slavery","After slavery ended, Britain brought large numbers of workers from India, and some from China, to re",{"id":586,"title":587,"preview":588},"american-independence","American independence","By the 1760s there were large, wealthy British colonies in North America. Many colonists' families h",{"id":590,"title":591,"preview":592},"wars-with-france","Wars with France","Britain fought France many times in the 18th century. The French Revolution began in 1789, and in 17",{"id":594,"title":595,"preview":596},"the-union-flag","The Union Flag","In 1801 an Act of Union joined Ireland with Great Britain. The new country was the United Kingdom of",{"id":598,"title":599,"slides":600},"victorian-britain","Victorian Britain",[601,605,609,613,617,621,625,629,633,637,641,645,649],{"id":602,"title":603,"preview":604},"queen-victoria-and-the-empire","Queen Victoria and the Empire","Victoria became queen in 1837, at the age of 18. She reigned until 1901, almost 64 years. This perio",{"id":606,"title":607,"preview":608},"free-trade-and-better-working-conditions","Free trade and better working conditions","Britain wanted free trade and removed many taxes on imports. In 1846 it repealed the Corn Laws, whic",{"id":610,"title":611,"preview":612},"workshop-of-the-world","Workshop of the world","In the 19th century British industry led the world. Britain produced more than half of the world's i",{"id":614,"title":615,"preview":616},"railways-and-brunel","Railways and Brunel","Railways spread fast in the Victorian period. George Stephenson and his son Robert were pioneers of ",{"id":618,"title":619,"preview":620},"the-crimean-war","The Crimean War","From 1853 to 1856 Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the Crimean War. It was th",{"id":622,"title":623,"preview":624},"florence-nightingale","Florence Nightingale","Florence Nightingale (1820 to 1910) was born in Italy to English parents. She trained as a nurse in ",{"id":626,"title":627,"preview":628},"ireland-in-the-19th-century","Ireland in the 19th century","Life in Ireland was harder than in the rest of the UK. About two thirds of people depended on farmin",{"id":630,"title":631,"preview":632},"home-rule","Home Rule","The Irish nationalist movement grew stronger in the 19th century. Some groups, such as the Fenians, ",{"id":634,"title":635,"preview":636},"the-right-to-vote","The right to vote","The middle class in the industrial towns wanted more political power. The Reform Act of 1832 gave mo",{"id":638,"title":639,"preview":640},"women-s-rights-and-the-suffragettes","Women's rights and the suffragettes","In the 19th century women had fewer rights than men. Until 1870, when a woman married, her earnings ",{"id":642,"title":643,"preview":644},"emmeline-pankhurst","Emmeline Pankhurst","Emmeline Pankhurst was born in Manchester in 1858. In 1903 she helped to found the Women's Social an",{"id":646,"title":647,"preview":648},"doubts-about-the-empire","Doubts about the Empire","The Empire kept growing until the 1920s, but some people began to doubt it in the late 19th century.",{"id":650,"title":651,"preview":652},"rudyard-kipling","Rudyard Kipling","Rudyard Kipling was born in India in 1865 and lived in India, the UK and the USA. His books and poem",{"id":654,"title":655,"slides":656},"the-first-world-war-and-after","The First World War and after",[657,661,665,669,673,677],{"id":658,"title":659,"preview":660},"a-time-of-reform","A time of reform","At the start of the 20th century Britain had a large empire, a strong navy and a powerful industry. ",{"id":662,"title":663,"preview":664},"the-first-world-war","The First World War","In 1914 the First World War began. The killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria started it, bu",{"id":666,"title":667,"preview":668},"the-somme-and-the-end-of-the-war","The Somme and the end of the war","Millions of people died or were wounded. Britain had more than two million casualties. On the first ",{"id":670,"title":671,"preview":672},"ireland-is-divided","Ireland is divided","In 1913 the government promised Home Rule to Ireland. Protestants in the north threatened to resist ",{"id":674,"title":675,"preview":676},"the-great-depression","The Great Depression","In the 1920s living conditions improved for many people, and new homes were built. In 1929 the Great",{"id":678,"title":679,"preview":680},"culture-between-the-wars","Culture between the wars","The 1930s were also a time of new ideas. Writers such as Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh were popular",{"id":682,"title":683,"slides":684},"the-second-world-war","The Second World War",[685,689,693,697,701,705,709],{"id":686,"title":687,"preview":688},"the-road-to-war","The road to war","Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933. He wanted to change the peace terms of the First Worl",{"id":690,"title":691,"preview":692},"dunkirk","Dunkirk","As France fell, the British army was trapped on the beaches near Dunkirk. In a huge operation, more ",{"id":694,"title":695,"preview":696},"the-battle-of-britain-and-the-blitz","The Battle of Britain and the Blitz","From mid-1940 until June 1941, Britain and its Empire stood almost alone against Germany. Before inv",{"id":698,"title":699,"preview":700},"winston-churchill","Winston Churchill","Winston Churchill (1874 to 1965) was a soldier, a journalist and a Conservative MP. He became Prime ",{"id":702,"title":703,"preview":704},"a-world-war","A world war","Britain also fought far from home. Japan defeated the British at Singapore and then took Burma, whic",{"id":706,"title":707,"preview":708},"the-war-against-japan-ends","The war against Japan ends","The war with Japan ended in August 1945, after the USA dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshi",{"id":710,"title":711,"preview":712},"alexander-fleming","Alexander Fleming","Alexander Fleming (1881 to 1955) was born in Scotland and moved to London as a young man, where he b",{"id":714,"title":715,"slides":716},"britain-since-1945","Britain since 1945",[717,721,725,729,733,737,741,745,749,753,757,761,765,769,773,777,781,785,789],{"id":718,"title":719,"preview":720},"the-welfare-state","The welfare state","After the war the country was tired and short of money, and people wanted change. In 1945 a Labour g",{"id":722,"title":723,"preview":724},"attlee-beveridge-and-butler","Attlee, Beveridge and Butler","Clement Attlee (1883 to 1967) was born in London. He was Deputy Prime Minister in Churchill's wartim",{"id":726,"title":727,"preview":728},"a-new-place-in-the-world","A new place in the world","After the war, many colonies gained their independence. Britain built its own atomic bomb and in 194",{"id":730,"title":731,"preview":732},"workers-from-abroad","Workers from abroad","Britain needed workers to rebuild the country. The government asked people from Ireland and other pa",{"id":734,"title":735,"preview":736},"the-swinging-sixties","The Swinging Sixties","The 1960s are called the Swinging Sixties. British fashion, films and pop music became famous, with ",{"id":738,"title":739,"preview":740},"british-inventions-television-to-computers","British inventions: television to computers","John Logie Baird, a Scot, developed television in the 1920s. Robert Watson-Watt, also a Scot, showed",{"id":742,"title":743,"preview":744},"british-inventions-dna-jets-and-hovercraft","British inventions: DNA, jets and hovercraft","In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick, working in Cambridge, described the structure of DNA. They u",{"id":746,"title":747,"preview":748},"british-inventions-cash-machines-to-the-web","British inventions: cash machines to the web","In 1966 James Goodfellow patented a cash machine that used a card and a PIN. Barclays opened the fir",{"id":750,"title":751,"preview":752},"dylan-thomas","Dylan Thomas","Dylan Thomas (1914 to 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer from Swansea. He was famous for reading his ",{"id":754,"title":755,"preview":756},"troubled-1970s","Troubled 1970s","In the 1970s the long economic boom after the war ended. Prices rose fast and the value of the pound",{"id":758,"title":759,"preview":760},"mary-peters","Mary Peters","Mary Peters was born in 1939 near Liverpool and moved to Northern Ireland as a child. She was a tale",{"id":762,"title":763,"preview":764},"britain-and-europe","Britain and Europe","In 1957 six countries set up the European Economic Community: West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, ",{"id":766,"title":767,"preview":768},"margaret-thatcher","Margaret Thatcher","Margaret Thatcher (1925 to 2013) was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, the daughter of a grocer. She t",{"id":770,"title":771,"preview":772},"the-falklands-and-john-major","The Falklands and John Major","In 1982 Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic. ",{"id":774,"title":775,"preview":776},"roald-dahl","Roald Dahl","Roald Dahl (1916 to 1990) was born in Cardiff, Wales, to Norwegian parents. He served in the Royal A",{"id":778,"title":779,"preview":780},"tony-blair-devolution-and-peace","Tony Blair, devolution and peace","Tony Blair's Labour Party won the 1997 general election. His government created a Scottish Parliamen",{"id":782,"title":783,"preview":784},"wars-in-the-gulf-the-balkans-afghanistan-and-iraq","Wars in the Gulf, the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq","In the 1990s British forces helped to free Kuwait after Iraq invaded it in 1990, and they took part ",{"id":786,"title":787,"preview":788},"coalition-and-the-eu-referendum","Coalition and the EU referendum","No party won a majority in the general election of May 2010. The Conservatives and the Liberal Democ",{"id":790,"title":791,"preview":792},"brexit-and-recent-prime-ministers","Brexit and recent Prime Ministers","Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019. Parliament approved his new deal, and the UK left ","From the first settlers to the modern state: kings, queens, wars and reforms.",{"id":795,"free":149,"title":796,"topics":797,"summary":1070},"society","Society and culture",[798,818,830,870,922,938,950,966,990,1014,1042],{"id":799,"title":800,"slides":801},"religion","Religion",[802,806,810,814],{"id":803,"title":804,"preview":805},"faith-in-the-uk-today","Faith in the UK today","The UK has a long Christian history, but today people follow many faiths or none. In the 2021 census",{"id":807,"title":808,"preview":809},"places-of-worship","Places of worship","You will see many kinds of religious buildings in the UK. Christians meet in churches, chapels and c",{"id":811,"title":812,"preview":813},"the-church-of-england","The Church of England","The Church of England is the official, or established, church in England. In other countries it is c",{"id":815,"title":816,"preview":817},"scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland","Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland","The Church of Scotland is the national church in Scotland. It is Presbyterian, so it has no bishops.",{"id":819,"title":820,"slides":821},"saints-and-national-symbols","Saints and national symbols",[822,826],{"id":823,"title":824,"preview":825},"patron-saints-days","Patron saints' days","Each nation has a patron saint with a special day. St David's Day, for Wales, is 1 March. St Patrick",{"id":827,"title":828,"preview":829},"national-flowers","National flowers","Each nation has its own plant. England has the rose, often shown as the Tudor rose. Scotland has the",{"id":831,"title":832,"slides":833},"festivals-through-the-year","Festivals through the year",[834,838,842,846,850,854,858,862,866],{"id":835,"title":836,"preview":837},"christmas-and-boxing-day","Christmas and Boxing Day","Christmas Day, 25 December, celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Many Christians go to church on Ch",{"id":839,"title":840,"preview":841},"lent-pancake-day-and-easter","Lent, Pancake Day and Easter","Lent is the 40 days before Easter. It starts on Ash Wednesday. Christians use this time to reflect, ",{"id":843,"title":844,"preview":845},"diwali-and-hanukkah","Diwali and Hanukkah","Diwali, the festival of lights, is a Hindu festival in October or November. It lasts five days and c",{"id":847,"title":848,"preview":849},"eid-and-vaisakhi","Eid and Vaisakhi","Eid al-Fitr is the Muslim festival at the end of Ramadan, the month when Muslims fast in daylight ho",{"id":851,"title":852,"preview":853},"new-year-to-april-fools-day","New Year to April Fools' Day","New Year's Day, 1 January, is a public holiday, and people celebrate the night before. In Scotland 3",{"id":855,"title":856,"preview":857},"family-days-and-halloween","Family days and Halloween","Mothering Sunday, or Mother's Day, is three weeks before Easter. Father's Day is the third Sunday in",{"id":859,"title":860,"preview":861},"bonfire-night","Bonfire Night","On 5 November people light bonfires and set off fireworks. The night recalls the Gunpowder Plot of 1",{"id":863,"title":864,"preview":865},"remembrance","Remembrance","Remembrance Day, 11 November, honours people who died fighting for the UK and its allies. It began a",{"id":867,"title":868,"preview":869},"bank-holidays","Bank holidays","Bank holidays are public holidays when banks and many businesses close. Some have religious roots, l",{"id":871,"title":872,"slides":873},"sport","Sport",[874,878,882,886,890,894,898,902,906,910,914,918],{"id":875,"title":876,"preview":877},"sport-and-the-olympics","Sport and the Olympics","Many modern sports grew up in Britain, including football, cricket, rugby, golf and lawn tennis. Big",{"id":879,"title":880,"preview":881},"where-the-paralympics-began","Where the Paralympics began","London also hosted the 2012 Paralympic Games. The Paralympics grew out of work by Dr Ludwig Guttmann",{"id":883,"title":884,"preview":885},"famous-sportspeople-the-20th-century","Famous sportspeople: the 20th century","In 1954 Roger Bannister became the first person to run a mile in under four minutes. Jackie Stewart,",{"id":887,"title":888,"preview":889},"famous-sportspeople-records-and-medals","Famous sportspeople: records and medals","Tanni Grey-Thompson, a wheelchair racer, won 16 Paralympic medals, 11 of them gold, and the London M",{"id":891,"title":892,"preview":893},"famous-sportspeople-london-2012-and-after","Famous sportspeople: London 2012 and after","In 2012 Bradley Wiggins became the first British winner of the Tour de France. Mo Farah, born in Som",{"id":895,"title":896,"preview":897},"football","Football","Football is the most popular sport in the UK. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each hav",{"id":899,"title":900,"preview":901},"cricket","Cricket","Cricket began in England. A match can last up to five days and can still end in a draw. The best-kno",{"id":903,"title":904,"preview":905},"rugby","Rugby","Rugby started in England in the early 19th century. There are two main forms, rugby union and rugby ",{"id":907,"title":908,"preview":909},"horse-racing","Horse racing","People in Britain have raced horses for a very long time, and the sport has close links with the Roy",{"id":911,"title":912,"preview":913},"golf-and-tennis","Golf and tennis","Golf comes from Scotland. A Scottish law of 1457 already mentions it. St Andrews is called the home ",{"id":915,"title":916,"preview":917},"sailing-and-rowing","Sailing and rowing","Sailing is popular, and the best-known regatta takes place at Cowes on the Isle of Wight. In 1966 an",{"id":919,"title":920,"preview":921},"motor-sport-and-skiing","Motor sport and skiing","Britain has a long history of car and motorbike racing and builds many racing cars. A British Grand ",{"id":923,"title":924,"slides":925},"music","Music",[926,930,934],{"id":927,"title":928,"preview":929},"the-proms-and-early-composers","The Proms and early composers","The Proms is an eight-week summer season of mostly classical concerts. It started in 1895, and the B",{"id":931,"title":932,"preview":933},"later-composers","Later composers","Gustav Holst wrote The Planets. A tune from it, \"Jupiter\", became the hymn \"I Vow to Thee, My Countr",{"id":935,"title":936,"preview":937},"pop-music-and-festivals","Pop music and festivals","British folk, jazz, pop and rock music is known around the world. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones",{"id":939,"title":940,"slides":941},"theatre","Theatre",[942,946],{"id":943,"title":944,"preview":945},"the-west-end","The West End","Most towns have a theatre, and London's West End is called \"Theatreland\". The Mousetrap, a murder my",{"id":947,"title":948,"preview":949},"pantomime-the-fringe-and-awards","Pantomime, the Fringe and awards","At Christmas many theatres put on a pantomime. It is a funny family show based on a fairy tale, with",{"id":951,"title":952,"slides":953},"art","Art",[954,958,962],{"id":955,"title":956,"preview":957},"art-and-galleries","Art and galleries","In the Middle Ages most art was religious, such as paintings on church walls. Much of it was lost af",{"id":959,"title":960,"preview":961},"painters-from-gainsborough-to-the-pre-raphaelites","Painters from Gainsborough to the Pre-Raphaelites","Thomas Gainsborough painted portraits, often with people in gardens or countryside. David Allan was ",{"id":963,"title":964,"preview":965},"modern-artists-and-the-turner-prize","Modern artists and the Turner Prize","Sir John Lavery, from Northern Ireland, painted portraits, including of the Royal Family. Henry Moor",{"id":967,"title":968,"slides":969},"architecture-and-gardens","Architecture and gardens",[970,974,978,982,986],{"id":971,"title":972,"preview":973},"cathedrals-castles-and-wren","Cathedrals, castles and Wren","In the Middle Ages builders made great cathedrals, such as Durham, Lincoln, Canterbury and Salisbury",{"id":975,"title":976,"preview":977},"from-georgian-bath-to-gothic-revival","From Georgian Bath to Gothic Revival","In the 18th century simpler styles became popular. The Scottish architect Robert Adam influenced bui",{"id":979,"title":980,"preview":981},"20th-century-architects","20th-century architects","Sir Edwin Lutyens worked across the British Empire. He designed much of New Delhi, the seat of gover",{"id":983,"title":984,"preview":985},"garden-design","Garden design","In the 18th century Lancelot \"Capability\" Brown designed the grounds of country houses, such as Chat",{"id":987,"title":988,"preview":989},"design-and-fashion","Design and fashion","Britain has produced many famous designers. Thomas Chippendale made furniture in the 18th century. C",{"id":991,"title":992,"slides":993},"books-and-poetry","Books and poetry",[994,998,1002,1006,1010],{"id":995,"title":996,"preview":997},"prizes-and-popular-fiction","Prizes and popular fiction","Writers in the UK have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, including William Golding, Harold Pinter a",{"id":999,"title":1000,"preview":1001},"classic-novelists","Classic novelists","Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, about marriage and family life. Cha",{"id":1003,"title":1004,"preview":1005},"20th-century-novelists","20th-century novelists","Evelyn Waugh wrote funny, sharp novels such as Decline and Fall and Scoop, and is best known for Bri",{"id":1007,"title":1008,"preview":1009},"early-poetry","Early poetry","British poetry goes back more than a thousand years. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poem about a hero who",{"id":1011,"title":1012,"preview":1013},"later-poets","Later poets","William Wordsworth wrote poems about nature. Sir Walter Scott used old Scottish stories and songs. O",{"id":1015,"title":1016,"slides":1017},"leisure","Leisure",[1018,1022,1026,1030,1034,1038],{"id":1019,"title":1020,"preview":1021},"gardens-and-allotments","Gardens and allotments","Many people have a garden at home and enjoy looking after it. Most towns have a garden centre. Peopl",{"id":1023,"title":1024,"preview":1025},"shopping","Shopping","Most towns have a town centre where the main shops are. The main shopping street is often called the",{"id":1027,"title":1028,"preview":1029},"food","Food","People in the UK eat food from all over the world, and many enjoy cooking for friends. Each nation a",{"id":1031,"title":1032,"preview":1033},"pubs-and-alcohol","Pubs and alcohol","The pub, short for public house, is a common place to meet friends. Many pubs have quiz nights and g",{"id":1035,"title":1036,"preview":1037},"betting-and-the-national-lottery","Betting and the National Lottery","Many people enjoy betting on sport and other events, and there are casinos in many towns. You must b",{"id":1039,"title":1040,"preview":1041},"pets","Pets","Many people keep a cat or a dog. The law forbids cruelty and neglect, and owners must care for their",{"id":1043,"title":1044,"slides":1045},"film-tv-and-comedy","Film, TV and comedy",[1046,1050,1054,1058,1062,1066],{"id":1047,"title":1048,"preview":1049},"british-film","British film","The first public film shows in the UK took place in 1896. British film makers became known for cleve",{"id":1051,"title":1052,"preview":1053},"actors-animation-and-awards","Actors, animation and awards","Many of the most successful films ever, like the Harry Potter and James Bond films, were made with B",{"id":1055,"title":1056,"preview":1057},"british-comedy","British comedy","Laughing at yourself is part of British humour. In the Middle Ages jesters joked at royal courts, an",{"id":1059,"title":1060,"preview":1061},"television-and-radio","Television and radio","There are many TV channels, some free and some paid. Soap operas like Coronation Street and EastEnde",{"id":1063,"title":1064,"preview":1065},"the-tv-licence","The TV licence","You need a TV licence to watch or record live TV on any channel or device, and to use BBC iPlayer. Y",{"id":1067,"title":1068,"preview":1069},"social-media","Social media","Many people use social networks and messaging apps, such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and X (onc","Religion, festivals, sport, arts, music and famous people.",{"id":1072,"free":149,"title":1073,"topics":1074,"summary":1347},"government","Government and law",[1075,1091,1111,1135,1163,1183,1211,1235,1267,1303,1327],{"id":1076,"title":1077,"slides":1078},"how-democracy-grew","How democracy grew",[1079,1083,1087],{"id":1080,"title":1081,"preview":1082},"what-democracy-means","What democracy means","In a democracy, adults have a say in how the country is run. Usually they do this by voting for peop",{"id":1084,"title":1085,"preview":1086},"the-long-road-to-the-vote","The long road to the vote","In the early 1800s only a small number of men who owned property could vote. In the 1830s and 1840s ",{"id":1088,"title":1089,"preview":1090},"voting-at-16","Voting at 16","The voting age is not the same for every election. In Scotland and Wales, people aged 16 and 17 can ",{"id":1092,"title":1093,"slides":1094},"the-constitution-and-the-monarch","The constitution and the monarch",[1095,1099,1103,1107],{"id":1096,"title":1097,"preview":1098},"a-constitution-in-many-pieces","A constitution in many pieces","A constitution sets out how a country is governed, which institutions hold power and how that power ",{"id":1100,"title":1101,"preview":1102},"what-the-king-does","What the King does","The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The King is head of state, but elected politicians decide polic",{"id":1104,"title":1105,"preview":1106},"the-king-the-heir-and-the-anthem","The King, the heir and the anthem","King Charles III became king in September 2022, when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, died. She reign",{"id":1108,"title":1109,"preview":1110},"the-citizenship-ceremony","The citizenship ceremony","At the end of the process, new British citizens go to a citizenship ceremony. There they promise loy",{"id":1112,"title":1113,"slides":1114},"parliament","Parliament",[1115,1119,1123,1127,1131],{"id":1116,"title":1117,"preview":1118},"constituencies-and-mps","Constituencies and MPs","The UK is divided into areas called constituencies. Each one elects one Member of Parliament (MP) to",{"id":1120,"title":1121,"preview":1122},"the-house-of-commons","The House of Commons","The Commons is the more powerful of the two Houses because its members are elected. The Prime Minist",{"id":1124,"title":1125,"preview":1126},"the-house-of-lords","The House of Lords","Members of the Lords are not elected and do not represent an area. Most are life peers. Since 1958 t",{"id":1128,"title":1129,"preview":1130},"the-speaker","The Speaker","The Speaker chairs debates in the House of Commons. He or she is an MP and still helps people in the",{"id":1132,"title":1133,"preview":1134},"when-elections-happen","When elections happen","A general election must take place at least every five years, and it can come sooner. If an MP dies ",{"id":1136,"title":1137,"slides":1138},"the-government","The government",[1139,1143,1147,1151,1155,1159],{"id":1140,"title":1141,"preview":1142},"the-prime-minister","The Prime Minister","The Prime Minister leads the government and is usually the leader of the largest party in the Common",{"id":1144,"title":1145,"preview":1146},"the-cabinet","The Cabinet","The Prime Minister picks about 20 senior ministers to form the Cabinet, and the King formally appoin",{"id":1148,"title":1149,"preview":1150},"the-opposition","The opposition","The largest party in the Commons that is not in government is the Official Opposition. Its leader is",{"id":1152,"title":1153,"preview":1154},"parties-independents-and-pressure-groups","Parties, independents and pressure groups","The biggest UK parties are the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats. There are also parti",{"id":1156,"title":1157,"preview":1158},"the-civil-service","The civil service","Civil servants are paid staff who help ministers plan policy and run public services. They are chose",{"id":1160,"title":1161,"preview":1162},"local-government","Local government","Towns, cities and rural areas have elected councils, also called local authorities. Some places have",{"id":1164,"title":1165,"slides":1166},"devolved-government","Devolved government",[1167,1171,1175,1179],{"id":1168,"title":1169,"preview":1170},"what-devolution-means","What devolution means","Since the late 1990s, some powers have moved from Westminster to Scotland, Wales and Northern Irelan",{"id":1172,"title":1173,"preview":1174},"wales-the-senedd","Wales: the Senedd","The Welsh Parliament is called the Senedd, or Senedd Cymru. Before 2020 it was the National Assembly",{"id":1176,"title":1177,"preview":1178},"scotland-the-scottish-parliament","Scotland: the Scottish Parliament","The Scottish Parliament meets at Holyrood in Edinburgh and began work in 1999. It has 129 members, c",{"id":1180,"title":1181,"preview":1182},"northern-ireland-the-assembly","Northern Ireland: the Assembly","The Northern Ireland Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement, also called the Good Friday Ag",{"id":1184,"title":1185,"slides":1186},"politics-the-media-and-voting","Politics, the media and voting",[1187,1191,1195,1199,1203,1207],{"id":1188,"title":1189,"preview":1190},"hansard-and-a-free-press","Hansard and a free press","Debates in Parliament are shown on television and printed in an official report called Hansard. Anyo",{"id":1192,"title":1193,"preview":1194},"who-can-vote","Who can vote","To vote in a UK general election you must be 18 or over and be a British citizen, a qualifying Commo",{"id":1196,"title":1197,"preview":1198},"the-electoral-register","The electoral register","You can vote only if your name is on the electoral register. Each person registers themselves, and y",{"id":1200,"title":1201,"preview":1202},"polling-day","Polling day","Before an election you get a poll card that tells you where your polling station is (in Scotland, a ",{"id":1204,"title":1205,"preview":1206},"standing-for-election","Standing for election","Most citizens of the UK, the Republic of Ireland or a Commonwealth country can stand for public offi",{"id":1208,"title":1209,"preview":1210},"meeting-your-representatives","Meeting your representatives","You can contact your MP by letter, email or phone, at their constituency office or at the House of C",{"id":1212,"title":1213,"slides":1214},"the-uk-and-the-world","The UK and the world",[1215,1219,1223,1227,1231],{"id":1216,"title":1217,"preview":1218},"the-commonwealth","The Commonwealth","The Commonwealth is a voluntary group of 56 independent countries. Most were once part of the Britis",{"id":1220,"title":1221,"preview":1222},"the-council-of-europe","The Council of Europe","The Council of Europe is not part of the European Union. It was founded in 1949 and has 46 member co",{"id":1224,"title":1225,"preview":1226},"the-united-nations","The United Nations","The United Nations was set up in 1945, after the Second World War, to prevent war and keep peace. It",{"id":1228,"title":1229,"preview":1230},"nato","NATO","The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, is a military alliance of countries in Europe and N",{"id":1232,"title":1233,"preview":1234},"leaving-the-european-union","Leaving the European Union","The UK joined the European Economic Community in 1973. In a referendum in 2016, a majority voted to ",{"id":1236,"title":1237,"slides":1238},"the-law-and-the-police","The law and the police",[1239,1243,1247,1251,1255,1259,1263],{"id":1240,"title":1241,"preview":1242},"equal-before-the-law","Equal before the law","The law applies to everyone in the UK in the same way. It does not matter where you were born, what ",{"id":1244,"title":1245,"preview":1246},"criminal-law-and-civil-law","Criminal law and civil law","UK law has two main parts. Criminal law covers crimes. The police or other agencies investigate, and",{"id":1248,"title":1249,"preview":1250},"some-crimes-to-know-about","Some crimes to know about","Carrying a weapon in public is a crime, even to protect yourself. Buying or selling illegal drugs su",{"id":1252,"title":1253,"preview":1254},"what-the-police-do","What the police do","The police have three main duties: to protect life and property, to keep the peace, and to prevent a",{"id":1256,"title":1257,"preview":1258},"police-and-crime-commissioners","Police and Crime Commissioners","Since November 2012, people in most of England and Wales have elected a Police and Crime Commissione",{"id":1260,"title":1261,"preview":1262},"police-officers-and-complaints","Police officers and complaints","Police officers must obey the law themselves. They must not misuse their powers, lie, be rude or tre",{"id":1264,"title":1265,"preview":1266},"terrorism-and-extremism","Terrorism and extremism","The UK faces several kinds of terrorist threat. The government's assessment names Islamist terrorism",{"id":1268,"title":1269,"slides":1270},"the-courts","The courts",[1271,1275,1279,1283,1287,1291,1295,1299],{"id":1272,"title":1273,"preview":1274},"independent-judges","Independent judges","Judges and other judicial office-holders together are called the judiciary. They interpret the law a",{"id":1276,"title":1277,"preview":1278},"minor-criminal-cases","Minor criminal cases","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, most minor criminal cases go to a Magistrates' Court. In Sco",{"id":1280,"title":1281,"preview":1282},"serious-criminal-cases","Serious criminal cases","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, serious crimes are tried in the Crown Court, in front of a j",{"id":1284,"title":1285,"preview":1286},"juries","Juries","A jury is a group of members of the public chosen at random from the electoral register. In England ",{"id":1288,"title":1289,"preview":1290},"young-people-in-court","Young people in court","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, people aged 10 to 17 who are accused of a crime usually go t",{"id":1292,"title":1293,"preview":1294},"civil-courts","Civil courts","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the County Court deals with most civil cases. Examples are u",{"id":1296,"title":1297,"preview":1298},"small-claims","Small claims","For small money disputes there is a simpler, cheaper route. You usually do not need a lawyer, and th",{"id":1300,"title":1301,"preview":1302},"getting-legal-advice","Getting legal advice","Solicitors are trained lawyers. They give legal advice, act for their clients and can represent them",{"id":1304,"title":1305,"slides":1306},"tax","Tax",[1307,1311,1315,1319,1323],{"id":1308,"title":1309,"preview":1310},"income-tax","Income tax","People pay income tax on money from a job, profits from self-employment, some benefits, pensions, an",{"id":1312,"title":1313,"preview":1314},"self-employed-people-and-tax-returns","Self-employed people and tax returns","Self-employed people do not use PAYE. They fill in a Self Assessment tax return every year and pay t",{"id":1316,"title":1317,"preview":1318},"national-insurance","National Insurance","Most working people pay National Insurance, both employees and the self-employed. You start paying a",{"id":1320,"title":1321,"preview":1322},"your-national-insurance-number","Your National Insurance number","A National Insurance number makes sure your tax and contributions are recorded under your name only.",{"id":1324,"title":1325,"preview":1326},"council-tax-and-vat","Council Tax and VAT","Most adults who live in a home also pay Council Tax to their local council. It helps pay for local s",{"id":1328,"title":1329,"slides":1330},"driving","Driving",[1331,1335,1339,1343],{"id":1332,"title":1333,"preview":1334},"learning-to-drive","Learning to drive","In the UK you drive on the left. You can start learning to drive a car at 17, and to ride a moped at",{"id":1336,"title":1337,"preview":1338},"your-vehicle","Your vehicle","Cars and motorcycles must be registered with the DVLA and taxed. Driving without insurance is a seri",{"id":1340,"title":1341,"preview":1342},"new-drivers-in-northern-ireland","New drivers in Northern Ireland","Newly qualified drivers in Northern Ireland must show an \"R\" plate, meaning \"restricted\". A new sche",{"id":1344,"title":1345,"preview":1346},"driving-with-a-foreign-licence","Driving with a foreign licence","The rules depend on where your licence comes from and what you drive. In many cases, if you become r","Parliament, elections, courts, and your rights and duties.",{"topic":1349},{"id":63,"title":64,"slides":1350},[1351,1358,1365,1371,1377,1386],{"id":67,"body":1352,"title":68,"references":1353},"When you move into a new home, it is a good idea to introduce yourself to your neighbours. They can become friends, tell you about local shops and services, or feed your pet while you are away. Respect their privacy and keep noise down, especially at night. Keep your garden tidy, and put your rubbish and recycling out only on collection day.",[1354],{"url":1355,"kind":1356,"title":1357},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citizensadvice.org.uk\u002Fhousing\u002Fproblems-where-you-live\u002F","other","Citizens Advice: Problems with neighbours",{"id":71,"body":1359,"title":72,"references":1360},"Parents can often help at their children's school, for example by listening to children read, helping in class or going on school trips. Many schools hold fundraising events, such as book or toy sales and food stalls, and a parent-teacher association (PTA) often organises them. The school will tell you about chances to help through letters or notices. Schools check volunteers before they work with children.",[1361],{"url":1362,"kind":1363,"title":1364},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fvolunteering","official","GOV.UK: Volunteering",{"id":75,"body":1366,"title":76,"references":1367},"School governors are volunteers from the local community who help run a school. They must be 18 or over, and there is no upper age limit. Governors help set the school's direction, hold the head teacher to account for how the school is doing and check that money is spent well. To become one, ask a local school or the council, or use a recruitment service such as Governors for Schools.",[1368],{"url":1369,"kind":1363,"title":1370},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fbecome-school-college-governor","GOV.UK: Become a school or college governor",{"id":79,"body":1372,"title":80,"references":1373},"Political parties welcome new members. Members help most at election time. They hand out leaflets and knock on doors to ask people for their support, which is called canvassing. This is legal. If a canvasser asks how you will vote, you do not have to tell them. British citizens, and in some cases Irish, Commonwealth and EU citizens, can stand as a local councillor or for one of the UK's parliaments.",[1374],{"url":1375,"kind":1356,"title":1376},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.electoralcommission.org.uk\u002Fi-am-a\u002Fcandidate-or-agent","Electoral Commission: Standing for election",{"id":83,"body":1378,"title":84,"references":1379},"Many local services look for volunteers, from hospitals to youth projects. Universities, housing associations, museums and arts councils sometimes advertise for volunteers to sit on their boards. If you want to help with law and order, you could become a special constable, a police support volunteer or a magistrate. Look for these roles in local papers, on local radio and on GOV.UK.",[1380,1383],{"url":1381,"kind":1363,"title":1382},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fbecome-magistrate","GOV.UK: Become a magistrate",{"url":1384,"kind":1356,"title":1385},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jointhepolice.co.uk\u002Fspecial-constables","Police Recruitment: Special constables",{"id":87,"body":1387,"title":88,"references":1388},"Hospitals need donated blood to treat people with many kinds of illness and injury. A visit to give blood takes about an hour, and the needle part only 5 to 10 minutes. Each of the four nations has its own blood service where you can register. All parts of the UK now have an \"opt out\" system for organ donation. You can still record your decision on the NHS Organ Donor Register and tell your family. Living people can also give a kidney.",[1389,1392],{"url":1390,"kind":1356,"title":1391},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.blood.co.uk\u002Fthe-donation-process\u002F","NHS Blood and Transplant: The donation process",{"url":1393,"kind":1356,"title":1394},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.organdonation.nhs.uk\u002Fuk-laws\u002F","NHS Organ Donation: UK laws",1794177772963]