[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1348},["ShallowReactive",2],{"handbook":3},{"chapters":4},[5,147,261,794,1071],{"id":6,"free":7,"title":8,"topics":9,"summary":146},"values",true,"Values and principles",[10,34,50,62,90,110,122],{"id":11,"title":12,"slides":13},"british-values","British values",[14,18,22,26,30],{"id":15,"title":16,"preview":17},"the-shared-values","The shared values","People in the UK come from many backgrounds and hold many beliefs, but they are expected to share so",{"id":19,"title":20,"preview":21},"where-british-rights-come-from","Where British rights come from","Many rights in the UK grew slowly over centuries. Magna Carta, agreed in 1215, said the king also ha",{"id":23,"title":24,"preview":25},"the-european-convention-on-human-rights","The European Convention on Human Rights","British lawyers helped to write the European Convention on Human Rights, and in 1950 the UK was one ",{"id":27,"title":28,"preview":29},"rights-in-the-convention","Rights in the Convention","The Convention protects, among others: the right to life; freedom from torture; freedom from slavery",{"id":31,"title":32,"preview":33},"equal-treatment","Equal treatment","The Equality Act 2010 protects people in Great Britain from unfair treatment because of age, disabil",{"id":35,"title":36,"slides":37},"protection-from-harm","Protection from harm",[38,42,46],{"id":39,"title":40,"preview":41},"domestic-abuse","Domestic abuse","Violence or abuse at home is a serious crime. It is not a private family matter. Anyone who is viole",{"id":43,"title":44,"preview":45},"forced-marriage","Forced marriage","Both people must agree freely to a marriage. An arranged marriage, where the families help but both ",{"id":47,"title":48,"preview":49},"female-genital-mutilation","Female genital mutilation","Female genital mutilation (FGM), also called cutting or female circumcision, is a crime in the UK. I",{"id":51,"title":52,"slides":53},"rights-and-responsibilities","Rights and responsibilities",[54,58],{"id":55,"title":56,"preview":57},"responsibilities-everyone-shares","Responsibilities everyone shares","Living in the UK brings duties as well as rights. People are expected to obey the law and respect th",{"id":59,"title":60,"preview":61},"duties-set-by-law","Duties set by law","Some responsibilities are legal duties, not just good manners. You must obey the law and pay the tax",{"id":63,"title":64,"slides":65},"your-role-in-the-community","Your role in the community",[66,70,74,78,82,86],{"id":67,"title":68,"preview":69},"being-a-good-neighbour","Being a good neighbour","When you move into a new home, it is a good idea to introduce yourself to your neighbours. They can ",{"id":71,"title":72,"preview":73},"helping-at-your-child-s-school","Helping at your child's school","Parents can often help at their children's school, for example by listening to children read, helpin",{"id":75,"title":76,"preview":77},"school-governors","School governors","School governors are volunteers from the local community who help run a school. They must be 18 or o",{"id":79,"title":80,"preview":81},"supporting-a-political-party","Supporting a political party","Political parties welcome new members. Members help most at election time. They hand out leaflets an",{"id":83,"title":84,"preview":85},"helping-with-local-services","Helping with local services","Many local services look for volunteers, from hospitals to youth projects. Universities, housing ass",{"id":87,"title":88,"preview":89},"blood-and-organ-donation","Blood and organ donation","Hospitals need donated blood to treat people with many kinds of illness and injury. A visit to give ",{"id":91,"title":92,"slides":93},"volunteering","Volunteering",[94,98,102,106],{"id":95,"title":96,"preview":97},"why-people-volunteer","Why people volunteer","Volunteering means working for free to help others. You are not paid, although some organisations pa",{"id":99,"title":100,"preview":101},"ways-to-volunteer","Ways to volunteer","There are many kinds of volunteering. You could care for animals at a rescue centre, help at a youth",{"id":103,"title":104,"preview":105},"charities","Charities","The UK has thousands of charities, large and small. The British Red Cross is part of an internationa",{"id":107,"title":108,"preview":109},"young-volunteers","Young volunteers","People under 18 can volunteer too, in roles that suit their age. Organisations may need a parent's p",{"id":111,"title":112,"slides":113},"looking-after-the-environment","Looking after the environment",[114,118],{"id":115,"title":116,"preview":117},"recycling-and-waste","Recycling and waste","Recycling saves energy and raw materials, and it means less rubbish goes to landfill. Your council t",{"id":119,"title":120,"preview":121},"shopping-and-travelling-greener","Shopping and travelling greener","Buying food and goods from local shops and farmers supports local businesses. Local products travel ",{"id":123,"title":124,"slides":125},"the-life-in-the-uk-test","The Life in the UK test",[126,130,134,138,142],{"id":127,"title":128,"preview":129},"who-takes-the-test","Who takes the test","Most adults who apply to settle in the UK or to become a British citizen must pass the Life in the U",{"id":131,"title":132,"preview":133},"booking-the-test","Booking the test","You book the test online, at least three days before the date you want. It costs £50. You need an em",{"id":135,"title":136,"preview":137},"on-the-day","On the day","Bring the same original ID you used to book. A copy or screenshot is not accepted. Staff will take y",{"id":139,"title":140,"preview":141},"questions-and-the-pass-mark","Questions and the pass mark","You need 75% or more to pass, which means at least 18 correct answers out of 24. Questions come in f",{"id":143,"title":144,"preview":145},"after-the-test","After the test","If you pass, you get a unique reference number. You put it on your settlement or citizenship applica","Democracy, the rule of law, personal freedom and tolerance.",{"id":148,"free":149,"title":150,"topics":151,"summary":260},"nations",false,"The UK and its nations",[152,168,180,192,204,224],{"id":153,"title":154,"slides":155},"what-the-uk-is","What the UK is",[156,160,164],{"id":157,"title":158,"preview":159},"four-nations-one-country","Four nations, one country","The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It has fou",{"id":161,"title":162,"preview":163},"islands-linked-to-the-uk","Islands linked to the UK","Some places are close to the UK but are not part of it. Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are cal",{"id":165,"title":166,"preview":167},"one-parliament-three-devolved-governments","One Parliament, three devolved governments","The UK Parliament sits at Westminster in London and makes laws for the whole country. Scotland, Wale",{"id":169,"title":170,"slides":171},"capitals-and-cities","Capitals and cities",[172,176],{"id":173,"title":174,"preview":175},"the-four-capitals","The four capitals","London is the capital of England and of the whole UK. It is also the largest city by far. Edinburgh ",{"id":177,"title":178,"preview":179},"from-one-end-to-the-other","From one end to the other","Land's End is at the south-western tip of Cornwall, in England. John o' Groats is in the far north-e",{"id":181,"title":182,"slides":183},"money","Money",[184,188],{"id":185,"title":186,"preview":187},"pounds-and-pence","Pounds and pence","The UK has one currency, the pound sterling (£, code GBP). One pound is 100 pence. The everyday coin",{"id":189,"title":190,"preview":191},"scottish-and-northern-irish-notes","Scottish and Northern Irish notes","Some banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland print their own notes. They are still pounds sterling an",{"id":193,"title":194,"slides":195},"languages","Languages",[196,200],{"id":197,"title":198,"preview":199},"english-and-welsh","English and Welsh","English is the main language everywhere in the UK, spoken with many accents and dialects. Wales has ",{"id":201,"title":202,"preview":203},"gaelic-scots-and-irish","Gaelic, Scots and Irish","In Scotland, some people speak Scottish Gaelic, another Celtic language. It is strongest in the High",{"id":205,"title":206,"slides":207},"population","Population",[208,212,216,220],{"id":209,"title":210,"preview":211},"how-many-people-live-here","How many people live here","About 69.5 million people lived in the UK in mid-2025, according to the Office for National Statisti",{"id":213,"title":214,"preview":215},"why-the-population-changes","Why the population changes","A population grows when more people are born than die, and when more people move in than move out. F",{"id":217,"title":218,"preview":219},"an-ageing-population","An ageing population","People in the UK are living longer, thanks to better health care and living conditions. In England a",{"id":221,"title":222,"preview":223},"equal-rights-for-women-and-men","Equal rights for women and men","The law protects people from unfair treatment because of their sex. In Great Britain the main law is",{"id":225,"title":226,"slides":227},"places-of-interest","Places of interest",[228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256],{"id":229,"title":230,"preview":231},"national-parks","National parks","England, Scotland and Wales have 15 national parks between them: ten in England, three in Wales and ",{"id":233,"title":234,"preview":235},"the-lake-district","The Lake District","The Lake District, in Cumbria in the north-west of England, is England's largest national park. It c",{"id":237,"title":238,"preview":239},"eryri-snowdonia","Eryri (Snowdonia)","Eryri, also called Snowdonia, is a national park in North Wales and the largest in Wales. Its best-k",{"id":241,"title":242,"preview":243},"loch-lomond","Loch Lomond","Loch Lomond is in the west of Scotland, at the edge of the Highlands. By surface area it is the larg",{"id":245,"title":246,"preview":247},"the-giant-s-causeway","The Giant's Causeway","The Giant's Causeway is on the north coast of County Antrim, in Northern Ireland. It is made of abou",{"id":249,"title":250,"preview":251},"big-ben-and-the-london-eye","Big Ben and the London Eye","Big Ben is the nickname of the Great Bell in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament. Many peopl",{"id":253,"title":254,"preview":255},"the-tower-of-london","The Tower of London","William the Conqueror began the Tower of London at the end of 1066, soon after he became king. It st",{"id":257,"title":258,"preview":259},"edinburgh-castle-and-the-eden-project","Edinburgh Castle and the Eden Project","Edinburgh Castle sits on a rock above the centre of Edinburgh. People have used the site since the e","England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and how they fit together.",{"id":262,"free":149,"title":263,"topics":264,"summary":793},"history","History",[265,289,305,329,345,365,405,453,505,549,597,653,681,713],{"id":266,"title":267,"slides":268},"early-britain","Early Britain",[269,273,277,281,285],{"id":270,"title":271,"preview":272},"the-first-people","The first people","The first people in Britain were hunter-gatherers. They lived in the Stone Age and moved around to f",{"id":274,"title":275,"preview":276},"the-first-farmers-and-stonehenge","The first farmers and Stonehenge","Farming came to Britain about 6,000 years ago with new people from mainland Europe. DNA studies show",{"id":278,"title":279,"preview":280},"skara-brae","Skara Brae","Skara Brae is a Stone Age village on Orkney, a group of islands off the north coast of Scotland. Its",{"id":282,"title":283,"preview":284},"the-bronze-age","The Bronze Age","About 4,000 years ago people in Britain learned to make bronze, a metal made from copper and tin. Th",{"id":286,"title":287,"preview":288},"the-iron-age","The Iron Age","The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, when people learned to make tools and weapons from iron",{"id":290,"title":291,"slides":292},"roman-britain","Roman Britain",[293,297,301],{"id":294,"title":295,"preview":296},"the-romans-arrive","The Romans arrive","Julius Caesar came to Britain with a Roman army in 55 BC, but he did not conquer it. Almost 100 year",{"id":298,"title":299,"preview":300},"hadrian-s-wall","Hadrian's Wall","The Romans never conquered the whole of what is now Scotland. In AD 122 Emperor Hadrian began a wall",{"id":302,"title":303,"preview":304},"four-hundred-years-of-roman-rule","Four hundred years of Roman rule","The Romans stayed in Britain for about 400 years. They built towns, public buildings and straight ro",{"id":306,"title":307,"slides":308},"anglo-saxons-vikings-and-the-first-kingdoms","Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and the first kingdoms",[309,313,317,321,325],{"id":310,"title":311,"preview":312},"the-anglo-saxons","The Anglo-Saxons","After the Romans left, tribes from northern Europe came to Britain. They were the Jutes, the Angles ",{"id":314,"title":315,"preview":316},"christianity-spreads","Christianity spreads","The Anglo-Saxons were not Christian when they arrived. Missionaries came to teach them. From Ireland",{"id":318,"title":319,"preview":320},"the-vikings","The Vikings","The Vikings came from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The first recorded Viking attack on England was ar",{"id":322,"title":323,"preview":324},"alfred-the-great-and-the-danelaw","Alfred the Great and the Danelaw","Alfred the Great was king of Wessex. He led the Anglo-Saxons against the Vikings and won a big victo",{"id":326,"title":327,"preview":328},"one-england-and-the-start-of-scotland","One England, and the start of Scotland","In 927 Athelstan, Alfred's grandson, took York from the Vikings and became the first king of all Eng",{"id":330,"title":331,"slides":332},"1066-and-the-normans","1066 and the Normans",[333,337,341],{"id":334,"title":335,"preview":336},"the-battle-of-hastings","The Battle of Hastings","In 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, in what is now northern France, invaded England. He defeated the ",{"id":338,"title":339,"preview":340},"what-the-normans-changed","What the Normans changed","The Normans replaced the Anglo-Saxon rulers and brought new ways of governing. Their language, Norma",{"id":342,"title":343,"preview":344},"feudalism","Feudalism","The Normans brought a system called feudalism. The king gave land to his lords. In return the lords ",{"id":346,"title":347,"slides":348},"the-middle-ages-wars-and-plague","The Middle Ages: wars and plague",[349,353,357,361],{"id":350,"title":351,"preview":352},"wales-and-scotland","Wales and Scotland","The Middle Ages are the years from 1066 to 1485. English kings fought for control of Wales, Scotland",{"id":354,"title":355,"preview":356},"ireland-and-the-pale","Ireland and the Pale","At the start of the Middle Ages Ireland was an independent country. The English first went there as ",{"id":358,"title":359,"preview":360},"wars-abroad","Wars abroad","English kings also fought outside Britain. Many knights joined the Crusades, wars in which European ",{"id":362,"title":363,"preview":364},"the-black-death","The Black Death","In 1348 a plague called the Black Death reached Britain. It killed at least one third of the people ",{"id":366,"title":367,"slides":368},"the-middle-ages-law-language-and-culture","The Middle Ages: law, language and culture",[369,373,377,381,385,389,393,397,401],{"id":370,"title":371,"preview":372},"magna-carta","Magna Carta","Before 1215 there were few limits on what a king could do. In that year a group of nobles, called ba",{"id":374,"title":375,"preview":376},"the-first-parliaments","The first Parliaments","Parliament grew from the king's council of nobles and Church leaders. Kings called Parliament mainly",{"id":378,"title":379,"preview":380},"judges-and-the-law","Judges and the law","In the Middle Ages judges became more independent of the king. In England judges decided cases using",{"id":382,"title":383,"preview":384},"how-english-was-born","How English was born","After 1066 the king and the nobles spoke Norman French. Ordinary people spoke Anglo-Saxon, also call",{"id":386,"title":387,"preview":388},"chaucer-caxton-and-barbour","Chaucer, Caxton and Barbour","Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English before 1400. In these poems a group of pilgri",{"id":390,"title":391,"preview":392},"castles-cathedrals-and-trade","Castles, cathedrals and trade","Many castles were built in the Middle Ages, partly for defence. Some are still in use, such as Winds",{"id":394,"title":395,"preview":396},"skilled-people-from-abroad","Skilled people from abroad","Over the centuries Britain gained from people who brought special skills. Huguenot weavers came from",{"id":398,"title":399,"preview":400},"the-wars-of-the-roses","The Wars of the Roses","In 1455 a civil war began in England over who should be king. It was fought between two noble famili",{"id":402,"title":403,"preview":404},"henry-vii-and-the-tudor-rose","Henry VII and the Tudor rose","Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, the niece of Richard III. This joined the two families. Henry w",{"id":406,"title":407,"slides":408},"the-tudors","The Tudors",[409,413,417,421,425,429,433,437,441,445,449],{"id":410,"title":411,"preview":412},"henry-viii-breaks-with-rome","Henry VIII breaks with Rome","Henry VIII is famous for two things: he broke away from the Church of Rome, and he married six times",{"id":414,"title":415,"preview":416},"henry-viii-s-six-wives-1","Henry VIII's six wives (1)","Catherine of Aragon was a Spanish princess. Only one of their children survived, a daughter, Mary. H",{"id":418,"title":419,"preview":420},"henry-viii-s-six-wives-2","Henry VIII's six wives (2)","The fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, was a German princess. Henry married her for political reasons and ",{"id":422,"title":423,"preview":424},"the-reformation","The Reformation","Henry's break with Rome was part of the Reformation, a movement across Europe against the power of t",{"id":426,"title":427,"preview":428},"edward-vi-lady-jane-grey-and-mary-i","Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey and Mary I","Henry's son Edward VI became king at nine. He was a strong Protestant, and the Book of Common Prayer",{"id":430,"title":431,"preview":432},"elizabeth-i","Elizabeth I","Elizabeth I was a Protestant. She made the Church of England the official church again. People had t",{"id":434,"title":435,"preview":436},"the-reformation-in-scotland","The Reformation in Scotland","In 1560 the Scottish Parliament, which was mostly Protestant, ended the Pope's authority in Scotland",{"id":438,"title":439,"preview":440},"mary-queen-of-scots","Mary, Queen of Scots","Mary Stuart, known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was a Catholic. She became queen at six days old, when h",{"id":442,"title":443,"preview":444},"explorers-and-the-first-colonies","Explorers and the first colonies","The Elizabethan period was a time of growing pride in being English. English sailors looked for new ",{"id":446,"title":447,"preview":448},"william-shakespeare","William Shakespeare","William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and died in 1616. He was a playwright an",{"id":450,"title":451,"preview":452},"shakespeare-s-words-today","Shakespeare's words today","People still quote lines from Shakespeare, often without knowing it. \"To be or not to be\" comes from",{"id":454,"title":455,"slides":456},"the-stuarts-and-the-civil-war","The Stuarts and the Civil War",[457,461,465,469,473,477,481,485,489,493,497,501],{"id":458,"title":459,"preview":460},"james-i-and-the-king-james-bible","James I and the King James Bible","Elizabeth I never married and had no children. When she died in 1603, her cousin James VI of Scotlan",{"id":462,"title":463,"preview":464},"ireland-and-the-plantations","Ireland and the plantations","Ireland was mainly Catholic. The English slowly took control of the whole island, and Henry VIII too",{"id":466,"title":467,"preview":468},"charles-i-and-parliament","Charles I and Parliament","James I and his son Charles I believed in the Divine Right of Kings. This was the idea that God chos",{"id":470,"title":471,"preview":472},"the-civil-war-begins","The Civil War begins","Parliament refused to give Charles the money unless it got more control. A rebellion also broke out ",{"id":474,"title":475,"preview":476},"the-commonwealth-and-oliver-cromwell","The Commonwealth and Oliver Cromwell","Charles I was taken prisoner. He still would not agree with Parliament, and he was executed in 1649.",{"id":478,"title":479,"preview":480},"the-restoration","The Restoration","Cromwell became Lord Protector, the leader of the republic, and ruled until he died in 1658. His son",{"id":482,"title":483,"preview":484},"plague-and-fire-in-london","Plague and fire in London","In 1665 a plague killed many thousands of people in London, mostly in the poorer areas. In 1666 the ",{"id":486,"title":487,"preview":488},"habeas-corpus-and-the-royal-society","Habeas Corpus and the Royal Society","In 1679 the Habeas Corpus Act became law. It protects people from being held in prison unlawfully. E",{"id":490,"title":491,"preview":492},"isaac-newton","Isaac Newton","Isaac Newton was born in 1643 in Lincolnshire, in eastern England. He studied at Cambridge Universit",{"id":494,"title":495,"preview":496},"james-ii-a-catholic-king","James II, a Catholic king","Charles II had no legitimate children. When he died in 1685, his brother became King James II, or Ja",{"id":498,"title":499,"preview":500},"the-glorious-revolution","The Glorious Revolution","In 1688 important Protestants asked William of Orange to come to England. William was the Protestant",{"id":502,"title":503,"preview":504},"the-boyne-killiecrankie-and-glencoe","The Boyne, Killiecrankie and Glencoe","James wanted his throne back. He landed in Ireland with French troops, but William defeated him at t",{"id":506,"title":507,"slides":508},"parliament-takes-charge","Parliament takes charge",[509,513,517,521,525,529,533,537,541,545],{"id":510,"title":511,"preview":512},"the-bill-of-rights","The Bill of Rights","When William and Mary took the throne in 1689, a Declaration of Rights was read. The Bill of Rights ",{"id":514,"title":515,"preview":516},"whigs-tories-and-a-free-press","Whigs, Tories and a free press","The monarch now needed ministers who could win votes in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.",{"id":518,"title":519,"preview":520},"rotten-boroughs","Rotten boroughs","Voting was not fair. Women could not vote at all. Some areas that elected an MP were controlled by r",{"id":522,"title":523,"preview":524},"new-arrivals","New arrivals","In the 17th and 18th centuries many people left Britain for the new colonies in America and elsewher",{"id":526,"title":527,"preview":528},"the-union-of-1707","The Union of 1707","Queen Anne ruled after William III. None of her children survived, so people worried about who would",{"id":530,"title":531,"preview":532},"george-i-and-the-first-prime-minister","George I and the first Prime Minister","Queen Anne died in 1714. Parliament chose George I, a German and Anne's closest Protestant relative,",{"id":534,"title":535,"preview":536},"bonnie-prince-charlie-and-culloden","Bonnie Prince Charlie and Culloden","In 1745 Charles Edward Stuart, called Bonnie Prince Charlie, tried to take the throne from George II",{"id":538,"title":539,"preview":540},"the-highland-clearances","The Highland Clearances","After Culloden, clan chiefs became landlords if the king favoured them. Clansmen became tenants who ",{"id":542,"title":543,"preview":544},"robert-burns","Robert Burns","Robert Burns (1759 to 1796) is Scotland's best known poet, often called \"the Bard\". He wrote in the ",{"id":546,"title":547,"preview":548},"the-enlightenment","The Enlightenment","In the 18th century new ideas about politics, philosophy and science spread. This period is called t",{"id":550,"title":551,"slides":552},"industry-trade-and-empire","Industry, trade and empire",[553,557,561,565,569,573,577,581,585,589,593],{"id":554,"title":555,"preview":556},"the-industrial-revolution","The Industrial Revolution","Before the 18th century most people in Britain worked on the land. Many also made cloth or lace at h",{"id":558,"title":559,"preview":560},"steel-ships-and-railways","Steel, ships and railways","The Bessemer process made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large amounts. This helped shi",{"id":562,"title":563,"preview":564},"richard-arkwright","Richard Arkwright","Richard Arkwright (1732 to 1792) started work as a barber and wig-maker. He then moved into the cott",{"id":566,"title":567,"preview":568},"trade-and-colonies","Trade and colonies","Britain's trade and territory grew in this period. Captain James Cook mapped the coast of Australia.",{"id":570,"title":571,"preview":572},"sake-dean-mahomet","Sake Dean Mahomet","Sake Dean Mahomet was born in 1759 in the Bengal region of India. He served in the East India Compan",{"id":574,"title":575,"preview":576},"the-slave-trade","The slave trade","Part of Britain's wealth came from the slave trade. Before 1807 British ships were allowed to carry ",{"id":578,"title":579,"preview":580},"ending-the-slave-trade","Ending the slave trade","Many people in Britain opposed slavery. Quakers set up some of the first anti-slavery groups in the ",{"id":582,"title":583,"preview":584},"workers-after-slavery","Workers after slavery","After slavery ended, Britain brought large numbers of workers from India, and some from China, to re",{"id":586,"title":587,"preview":588},"american-independence","American independence","By the 1760s there were large, wealthy British colonies in North America. Many colonists' families h",{"id":590,"title":591,"preview":592},"wars-with-france","Wars with France","Britain fought France many times in the 18th century. The French Revolution began in 1789, and in 17",{"id":594,"title":595,"preview":596},"the-union-flag","The Union Flag","In 1801 an Act of Union joined Ireland with Great Britain. The new country was the United Kingdom of",{"id":598,"title":599,"slides":600},"victorian-britain","Victorian Britain",[601,605,609,613,617,621,625,629,633,637,641,645,649],{"id":602,"title":603,"preview":604},"queen-victoria-and-the-empire","Queen Victoria and the Empire","Victoria became queen in 1837, at the age of 18. She reigned until 1901, almost 64 years. This perio",{"id":606,"title":607,"preview":608},"free-trade-and-better-working-conditions","Free trade and better working conditions","Britain wanted free trade and removed many taxes on imports. In 1846 it repealed the Corn Laws, whic",{"id":610,"title":611,"preview":612},"workshop-of-the-world","Workshop of the world","In the 19th century British industry led the world. Britain produced more than half of the world's i",{"id":614,"title":615,"preview":616},"railways-and-brunel","Railways and Brunel","Railways spread fast in the Victorian period. George Stephenson and his son Robert were pioneers of ",{"id":618,"title":619,"preview":620},"the-crimean-war","The Crimean War","From 1853 to 1856 Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia in the Crimean War. It was th",{"id":622,"title":623,"preview":624},"florence-nightingale","Florence Nightingale","Florence Nightingale (1820 to 1910) was born in Italy to English parents. She trained as a nurse in ",{"id":626,"title":627,"preview":628},"ireland-in-the-19th-century","Ireland in the 19th century","Life in Ireland was harder than in the rest of the UK. About two thirds of people depended on farmin",{"id":630,"title":631,"preview":632},"home-rule","Home Rule","The Irish nationalist movement grew stronger in the 19th century. Some groups, such as the Fenians, ",{"id":634,"title":635,"preview":636},"the-right-to-vote","The right to vote","The middle class in the industrial towns wanted more political power. The Reform Act of 1832 gave mo",{"id":638,"title":639,"preview":640},"women-s-rights-and-the-suffragettes","Women's rights and the suffragettes","In the 19th century women had fewer rights than men. Until 1870, when a woman married, her earnings ",{"id":642,"title":643,"preview":644},"emmeline-pankhurst","Emmeline Pankhurst","Emmeline Pankhurst was born in Manchester in 1858. In 1903 she helped to found the Women's Social an",{"id":646,"title":647,"preview":648},"doubts-about-the-empire","Doubts about the Empire","The Empire kept growing until the 1920s, but some people began to doubt it in the late 19th century.",{"id":650,"title":651,"preview":652},"rudyard-kipling","Rudyard Kipling","Rudyard Kipling was born in India in 1865 and lived in India, the UK and the USA. His books and poem",{"id":654,"title":655,"slides":656},"the-first-world-war-and-after","The First World War and after",[657,661,665,669,673,677],{"id":658,"title":659,"preview":660},"a-time-of-reform","A time of reform","At the start of the 20th century Britain had a large empire, a strong navy and a powerful industry. ",{"id":662,"title":663,"preview":664},"the-first-world-war","The First World War","In 1914 the First World War began. The killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria started it, bu",{"id":666,"title":667,"preview":668},"the-somme-and-the-end-of-the-war","The Somme and the end of the war","Millions of people died or were wounded. Britain had more than two million casualties. On the first ",{"id":670,"title":671,"preview":672},"ireland-is-divided","Ireland is divided","In 1913 the government promised Home Rule to Ireland. Protestants in the north threatened to resist ",{"id":674,"title":675,"preview":676},"the-great-depression","The Great Depression","In the 1920s living conditions improved for many people, and new homes were built. In 1929 the Great",{"id":678,"title":679,"preview":680},"culture-between-the-wars","Culture between the wars","The 1930s were also a time of new ideas. Writers such as Graham Greene and Evelyn Waugh were popular",{"id":682,"title":683,"slides":684},"the-second-world-war","The Second World War",[685,689,693,697,701,705,709],{"id":686,"title":687,"preview":688},"the-road-to-war","The road to war","Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933. He wanted to change the peace terms of the First Worl",{"id":690,"title":691,"preview":692},"dunkirk","Dunkirk","As France fell, the British army was trapped on the beaches near Dunkirk. In a huge operation, more ",{"id":694,"title":695,"preview":696},"the-battle-of-britain-and-the-blitz","The Battle of Britain and the Blitz","From mid-1940 until June 1941, Britain and its Empire stood almost alone against Germany. Before inv",{"id":698,"title":699,"preview":700},"winston-churchill","Winston Churchill","Winston Churchill (1874 to 1965) was a soldier, a journalist and a Conservative MP. He became Prime ",{"id":702,"title":703,"preview":704},"a-world-war","A world war","Britain also fought far from home. Japan defeated the British at Singapore and then took Burma, whic",{"id":706,"title":707,"preview":708},"the-war-against-japan-ends","The war against Japan ends","The war with Japan ended in August 1945, after the USA dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshi",{"id":710,"title":711,"preview":712},"alexander-fleming","Alexander Fleming","Alexander Fleming (1881 to 1955) was born in Scotland and moved to London as a young man, where he b",{"id":714,"title":715,"slides":716},"britain-since-1945","Britain since 1945",[717,721,725,729,733,737,741,745,749,753,757,761,765,769,773,777,781,785,789],{"id":718,"title":719,"preview":720},"the-welfare-state","The welfare state","After the war the country was tired and short of money, and people wanted change. In 1945 a Labour g",{"id":722,"title":723,"preview":724},"attlee-beveridge-and-butler","Attlee, Beveridge and Butler","Clement Attlee (1883 to 1967) was born in London. He was Deputy Prime Minister in Churchill's wartim",{"id":726,"title":727,"preview":728},"a-new-place-in-the-world","A new place in the world","After the war, many colonies gained their independence. Britain built its own atomic bomb and in 194",{"id":730,"title":731,"preview":732},"workers-from-abroad","Workers from abroad","Britain needed workers to rebuild the country. The government asked people from Ireland and other pa",{"id":734,"title":735,"preview":736},"the-swinging-sixties","The Swinging Sixties","The 1960s are called the Swinging Sixties. British fashion, films and pop music became famous, with ",{"id":738,"title":739,"preview":740},"british-inventions-television-to-computers","British inventions: television to computers","John Logie Baird, a Scot, developed television in the 1920s. Robert Watson-Watt, also a Scot, showed",{"id":742,"title":743,"preview":744},"british-inventions-dna-jets-and-hovercraft","British inventions: DNA, jets and hovercraft","In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick, working in Cambridge, described the structure of DNA. They u",{"id":746,"title":747,"preview":748},"british-inventions-cash-machines-to-the-web","British inventions: cash machines to the web","In 1966 James Goodfellow patented a cash machine that used a card and a PIN. Barclays opened the fir",{"id":750,"title":751,"preview":752},"dylan-thomas","Dylan Thomas","Dylan Thomas (1914 to 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer from Swansea. He was famous for reading his ",{"id":754,"title":755,"preview":756},"troubled-1970s","Troubled 1970s","In the 1970s the long economic boom after the war ended. Prices rose fast and the value of the pound",{"id":758,"title":759,"preview":760},"mary-peters","Mary Peters","Mary Peters was born in 1939 near Liverpool and moved to Northern Ireland as a child. She was a tale",{"id":762,"title":763,"preview":764},"britain-and-europe","Britain and Europe","In 1957 six countries set up the European Economic Community: West Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, ",{"id":766,"title":767,"preview":768},"margaret-thatcher","Margaret Thatcher","Margaret Thatcher (1925 to 2013) was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, the daughter of a grocer. She t",{"id":770,"title":771,"preview":772},"the-falklands-and-john-major","The Falklands and John Major","In 1982 Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic. ",{"id":774,"title":775,"preview":776},"roald-dahl","Roald Dahl","Roald Dahl (1916 to 1990) was born in Cardiff, Wales, to Norwegian parents. He served in the Royal A",{"id":778,"title":779,"preview":780},"tony-blair-devolution-and-peace","Tony Blair, devolution and peace","Tony Blair's Labour Party won the 1997 general election. His government created a Scottish Parliamen",{"id":782,"title":783,"preview":784},"wars-in-the-gulf-the-balkans-afghanistan-and-iraq","Wars in the Gulf, the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq","In the 1990s British forces helped to free Kuwait after Iraq invaded it in 1990, and they took part ",{"id":786,"title":787,"preview":788},"coalition-and-the-eu-referendum","Coalition and the EU referendum","No party won a majority in the general election of May 2010. The Conservatives and the Liberal Democ",{"id":790,"title":791,"preview":792},"brexit-and-recent-prime-ministers","Brexit and recent Prime Ministers","Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019. Parliament approved his new deal, and the UK left ","From the first settlers to the modern state: kings, queens, wars and reforms.",{"id":795,"free":149,"title":796,"topics":797,"summary":1070},"society","Society and culture",[798,818,830,870,922,938,950,966,990,1014,1042],{"id":799,"title":800,"slides":801},"religion","Religion",[802,806,810,814],{"id":803,"title":804,"preview":805},"faith-in-the-uk-today","Faith in the UK today","The UK has a long Christian history, but today people follow many faiths or none. In the 2021 census",{"id":807,"title":808,"preview":809},"places-of-worship","Places of worship","You will see many kinds of religious buildings in the UK. Christians meet in churches, chapels and c",{"id":811,"title":812,"preview":813},"the-church-of-england","The Church of England","The Church of England is the official, or established, church in England. In other countries it is c",{"id":815,"title":816,"preview":817},"scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland","Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland","The Church of Scotland is the national church in Scotland. It is Presbyterian, so it has no bishops.",{"id":819,"title":820,"slides":821},"saints-and-national-symbols","Saints and national symbols",[822,826],{"id":823,"title":824,"preview":825},"patron-saints-days","Patron saints' days","Each nation has a patron saint with a special day. St David's Day, for Wales, is 1 March. St Patrick",{"id":827,"title":828,"preview":829},"national-flowers","National flowers","Each nation has its own plant. England has the rose, often shown as the Tudor rose. Scotland has the",{"id":831,"title":832,"slides":833},"festivals-through-the-year","Festivals through the year",[834,838,842,846,850,854,858,862,866],{"id":835,"title":836,"preview":837},"christmas-and-boxing-day","Christmas and Boxing Day","Christmas Day, 25 December, celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. Many Christians go to church on Ch",{"id":839,"title":840,"preview":841},"lent-pancake-day-and-easter","Lent, Pancake Day and Easter","Lent is the 40 days before Easter. It starts on Ash Wednesday. Christians use this time to reflect, ",{"id":843,"title":844,"preview":845},"diwali-and-hanukkah","Diwali and Hanukkah","Diwali, the festival of lights, is a Hindu festival in October or November. It lasts five days and c",{"id":847,"title":848,"preview":849},"eid-and-vaisakhi","Eid and Vaisakhi","Eid al-Fitr is the Muslim festival at the end of Ramadan, the month when Muslims fast in daylight ho",{"id":851,"title":852,"preview":853},"new-year-to-april-fools-day","New Year to April Fools' Day","New Year's Day, 1 January, is a public holiday, and people celebrate the night before. In Scotland 3",{"id":855,"title":856,"preview":857},"family-days-and-halloween","Family days and Halloween","Mothering Sunday, or Mother's Day, is three weeks before Easter. Father's Day is the third Sunday in",{"id":859,"title":860,"preview":861},"bonfire-night","Bonfire Night","On 5 November people light bonfires and set off fireworks. The night recalls the Gunpowder Plot of 1",{"id":863,"title":864,"preview":865},"remembrance","Remembrance","Remembrance Day, 11 November, honours people who died fighting for the UK and its allies. It began a",{"id":867,"title":868,"preview":869},"bank-holidays","Bank holidays","Bank holidays are public holidays when banks and many businesses close. Some have religious roots, l",{"id":871,"title":872,"slides":873},"sport","Sport",[874,878,882,886,890,894,898,902,906,910,914,918],{"id":875,"title":876,"preview":877},"sport-and-the-olympics","Sport and the Olympics","Many modern sports grew up in Britain, including football, cricket, rugby, golf and lawn tennis. Big",{"id":879,"title":880,"preview":881},"where-the-paralympics-began","Where the Paralympics began","London also hosted the 2012 Paralympic Games. The Paralympics grew out of work by Dr Ludwig Guttmann",{"id":883,"title":884,"preview":885},"famous-sportspeople-the-20th-century","Famous sportspeople: the 20th century","In 1954 Roger Bannister became the first person to run a mile in under four minutes. Jackie Stewart,",{"id":887,"title":888,"preview":889},"famous-sportspeople-records-and-medals","Famous sportspeople: records and medals","Tanni Grey-Thompson, a wheelchair racer, won 16 Paralympic medals, 11 of them gold, and the London M",{"id":891,"title":892,"preview":893},"famous-sportspeople-london-2012-and-after","Famous sportspeople: London 2012 and after","In 2012 Bradley Wiggins became the first British winner of the Tour de France. Mo Farah, born in Som",{"id":895,"title":896,"preview":897},"football","Football","Football is the most popular sport in the UK. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each hav",{"id":899,"title":900,"preview":901},"cricket","Cricket","Cricket began in England. A match can last up to five days and can still end in a draw. The best-kno",{"id":903,"title":904,"preview":905},"rugby","Rugby","Rugby started in England in the early 19th century. There are two main forms, rugby union and rugby ",{"id":907,"title":908,"preview":909},"horse-racing","Horse racing","People in Britain have raced horses for a very long time, and the sport has close links with the Roy",{"id":911,"title":912,"preview":913},"golf-and-tennis","Golf and tennis","Golf comes from Scotland. A Scottish law of 1457 already mentions it. St Andrews is called the home ",{"id":915,"title":916,"preview":917},"sailing-and-rowing","Sailing and rowing","Sailing is popular, and the best-known regatta takes place at Cowes on the Isle of Wight. In 1966 an",{"id":919,"title":920,"preview":921},"motor-sport-and-skiing","Motor sport and skiing","Britain has a long history of car and motorbike racing and builds many racing cars. A British Grand ",{"id":923,"title":924,"slides":925},"music","Music",[926,930,934],{"id":927,"title":928,"preview":929},"the-proms-and-early-composers","The Proms and early composers","The Proms is an eight-week summer season of mostly classical concerts. It started in 1895, and the B",{"id":931,"title":932,"preview":933},"later-composers","Later composers","Gustav Holst wrote The Planets. A tune from it, \"Jupiter\", became the hymn \"I Vow to Thee, My Countr",{"id":935,"title":936,"preview":937},"pop-music-and-festivals","Pop music and festivals","British folk, jazz, pop and rock music is known around the world. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones",{"id":939,"title":940,"slides":941},"theatre","Theatre",[942,946],{"id":943,"title":944,"preview":945},"the-west-end","The West End","Most towns have a theatre, and London's West End is called \"Theatreland\". The Mousetrap, a murder my",{"id":947,"title":948,"preview":949},"pantomime-the-fringe-and-awards","Pantomime, the Fringe and awards","At Christmas many theatres put on a pantomime. It is a funny family show based on a fairy tale, with",{"id":951,"title":952,"slides":953},"art","Art",[954,958,962],{"id":955,"title":956,"preview":957},"art-and-galleries","Art and galleries","In the Middle Ages most art was religious, such as paintings on church walls. Much of it was lost af",{"id":959,"title":960,"preview":961},"painters-from-gainsborough-to-the-pre-raphaelites","Painters from Gainsborough to the Pre-Raphaelites","Thomas Gainsborough painted portraits, often with people in gardens or countryside. David Allan was ",{"id":963,"title":964,"preview":965},"modern-artists-and-the-turner-prize","Modern artists and the Turner Prize","Sir John Lavery, from Northern Ireland, painted portraits, including of the Royal Family. Henry Moor",{"id":967,"title":968,"slides":969},"architecture-and-gardens","Architecture and gardens",[970,974,978,982,986],{"id":971,"title":972,"preview":973},"cathedrals-castles-and-wren","Cathedrals, castles and Wren","In the Middle Ages builders made great cathedrals, such as Durham, Lincoln, Canterbury and Salisbury",{"id":975,"title":976,"preview":977},"from-georgian-bath-to-gothic-revival","From Georgian Bath to Gothic Revival","In the 18th century simpler styles became popular. The Scottish architect Robert Adam influenced bui",{"id":979,"title":980,"preview":981},"20th-century-architects","20th-century architects","Sir Edwin Lutyens worked across the British Empire. He designed much of New Delhi, the seat of gover",{"id":983,"title":984,"preview":985},"garden-design","Garden design","In the 18th century Lancelot \"Capability\" Brown designed the grounds of country houses, such as Chat",{"id":987,"title":988,"preview":989},"design-and-fashion","Design and fashion","Britain has produced many famous designers. Thomas Chippendale made furniture in the 18th century. C",{"id":991,"title":992,"slides":993},"books-and-poetry","Books and poetry",[994,998,1002,1006,1010],{"id":995,"title":996,"preview":997},"prizes-and-popular-fiction","Prizes and popular fiction","Writers in the UK have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, including William Golding, Harold Pinter a",{"id":999,"title":1000,"preview":1001},"classic-novelists","Classic novelists","Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility, about marriage and family life. Cha",{"id":1003,"title":1004,"preview":1005},"20th-century-novelists","20th-century novelists","Evelyn Waugh wrote funny, sharp novels such as Decline and Fall and Scoop, and is best known for Bri",{"id":1007,"title":1008,"preview":1009},"early-poetry","Early poetry","British poetry goes back more than a thousand years. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poem about a hero who",{"id":1011,"title":1012,"preview":1013},"later-poets","Later poets","William Wordsworth wrote poems about nature. Sir Walter Scott used old Scottish stories and songs. O",{"id":1015,"title":1016,"slides":1017},"leisure","Leisure",[1018,1022,1026,1030,1034,1038],{"id":1019,"title":1020,"preview":1021},"gardens-and-allotments","Gardens and allotments","Many people have a garden at home and enjoy looking after it. Most towns have a garden centre. Peopl",{"id":1023,"title":1024,"preview":1025},"shopping","Shopping","Most towns have a town centre where the main shops are. The main shopping street is often called the",{"id":1027,"title":1028,"preview":1029},"food","Food","People in the UK eat food from all over the world, and many enjoy cooking for friends. Each nation a",{"id":1031,"title":1032,"preview":1033},"pubs-and-alcohol","Pubs and alcohol","The pub, short for public house, is a common place to meet friends. Many pubs have quiz nights and g",{"id":1035,"title":1036,"preview":1037},"betting-and-the-national-lottery","Betting and the National Lottery","Many people enjoy betting on sport and other events, and there are casinos in many towns. You must b",{"id":1039,"title":1040,"preview":1041},"pets","Pets","Many people keep a cat or a dog. The law forbids cruelty and neglect, and owners must care for their",{"id":1043,"title":1044,"slides":1045},"film-tv-and-comedy","Film, TV and comedy",[1046,1050,1054,1058,1062,1066],{"id":1047,"title":1048,"preview":1049},"british-film","British film","The first public film shows in the UK took place in 1896. British film makers became known for cleve",{"id":1051,"title":1052,"preview":1053},"actors-animation-and-awards","Actors, animation and awards","Many of the most successful films ever, like the Harry Potter and James Bond films, were made with B",{"id":1055,"title":1056,"preview":1057},"british-comedy","British comedy","Laughing at yourself is part of British humour. In the Middle Ages jesters joked at royal courts, an",{"id":1059,"title":1060,"preview":1061},"television-and-radio","Television and radio","There are many TV channels, some free and some paid. Soap operas like Coronation Street and EastEnde",{"id":1063,"title":1064,"preview":1065},"the-tv-licence","The TV licence","You need a TV licence to watch or record live TV on any channel or device, and to use BBC iPlayer. Y",{"id":1067,"title":1068,"preview":1069},"social-media","Social media","Many people use social networks and messaging apps, such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and X (onc","Religion, festivals, sport, arts, music and famous people.",{"id":1072,"free":149,"title":1073,"topics":1074,"summary":1347},"government","Government and law",[1075,1091,1111,1135,1163,1183,1211,1235,1267,1303,1327],{"id":1076,"title":1077,"slides":1078},"how-democracy-grew","How democracy grew",[1079,1083,1087],{"id":1080,"title":1081,"preview":1082},"what-democracy-means","What democracy means","In a democracy, adults have a say in how the country is run. Usually they do this by voting for peop",{"id":1084,"title":1085,"preview":1086},"the-long-road-to-the-vote","The long road to the vote","In the early 1800s only a small number of men who owned property could vote. In the 1830s and 1840s ",{"id":1088,"title":1089,"preview":1090},"voting-at-16","Voting at 16","The voting age is not the same for every election. In Scotland and Wales, people aged 16 and 17 can ",{"id":1092,"title":1093,"slides":1094},"the-constitution-and-the-monarch","The constitution and the monarch",[1095,1099,1103,1107],{"id":1096,"title":1097,"preview":1098},"a-constitution-in-many-pieces","A constitution in many pieces","A constitution sets out how a country is governed, which institutions hold power and how that power ",{"id":1100,"title":1101,"preview":1102},"what-the-king-does","What the King does","The UK is a constitutional monarchy. The King is head of state, but elected politicians decide polic",{"id":1104,"title":1105,"preview":1106},"the-king-the-heir-and-the-anthem","The King, the heir and the anthem","King Charles III became king in September 2022, when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, died. She reign",{"id":1108,"title":1109,"preview":1110},"the-citizenship-ceremony","The citizenship ceremony","At the end of the process, new British citizens go to a citizenship ceremony. There they promise loy",{"id":1112,"title":1113,"slides":1114},"parliament","Parliament",[1115,1119,1123,1127,1131],{"id":1116,"title":1117,"preview":1118},"constituencies-and-mps","Constituencies and MPs","The UK is divided into areas called constituencies. Each one elects one Member of Parliament (MP) to",{"id":1120,"title":1121,"preview":1122},"the-house-of-commons","The House of Commons","The Commons is the more powerful of the two Houses because its members are elected. The Prime Minist",{"id":1124,"title":1125,"preview":1126},"the-house-of-lords","The House of Lords","Members of the Lords are not elected and do not represent an area. Most are life peers. Since 1958 t",{"id":1128,"title":1129,"preview":1130},"the-speaker","The Speaker","The Speaker chairs debates in the House of Commons. He or she is an MP and still helps people in the",{"id":1132,"title":1133,"preview":1134},"when-elections-happen","When elections happen","A general election must take place at least every five years, and it can come sooner. If an MP dies ",{"id":1136,"title":1137,"slides":1138},"the-government","The government",[1139,1143,1147,1151,1155,1159],{"id":1140,"title":1141,"preview":1142},"the-prime-minister","The Prime Minister","The Prime Minister leads the government and is usually the leader of the largest party in the Common",{"id":1144,"title":1145,"preview":1146},"the-cabinet","The Cabinet","The Prime Minister picks about 20 senior ministers to form the Cabinet, and the King formally appoin",{"id":1148,"title":1149,"preview":1150},"the-opposition","The opposition","The largest party in the Commons that is not in government is the Official Opposition. Its leader is",{"id":1152,"title":1153,"preview":1154},"parties-independents-and-pressure-groups","Parties, independents and pressure groups","The biggest UK parties are the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats. There are also parti",{"id":1156,"title":1157,"preview":1158},"the-civil-service","The civil service","Civil servants are paid staff who help ministers plan policy and run public services. They are chose",{"id":1160,"title":1161,"preview":1162},"local-government","Local government","Towns, cities and rural areas have elected councils, also called local authorities. Some places have",{"id":1164,"title":1165,"slides":1166},"devolved-government","Devolved government",[1167,1171,1175,1179],{"id":1168,"title":1169,"preview":1170},"what-devolution-means","What devolution means","Since the late 1990s, some powers have moved from Westminster to Scotland, Wales and Northern Irelan",{"id":1172,"title":1173,"preview":1174},"wales-the-senedd","Wales: the Senedd","The Welsh Parliament is called the Senedd, or Senedd Cymru. Before 2020 it was the National Assembly",{"id":1176,"title":1177,"preview":1178},"scotland-the-scottish-parliament","Scotland: the Scottish Parliament","The Scottish Parliament meets at Holyrood in Edinburgh and began work in 1999. It has 129 members, c",{"id":1180,"title":1181,"preview":1182},"northern-ireland-the-assembly","Northern Ireland: the Assembly","The Northern Ireland Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement, also called the Good Friday Ag",{"id":1184,"title":1185,"slides":1186},"politics-the-media-and-voting","Politics, the media and voting",[1187,1191,1195,1199,1203,1207],{"id":1188,"title":1189,"preview":1190},"hansard-and-a-free-press","Hansard and a free press","Debates in Parliament are shown on television and printed in an official report called Hansard. Anyo",{"id":1192,"title":1193,"preview":1194},"who-can-vote","Who can vote","To vote in a UK general election you must be 18 or over and be a British citizen, a qualifying Commo",{"id":1196,"title":1197,"preview":1198},"the-electoral-register","The electoral register","You can vote only if your name is on the electoral register. Each person registers themselves, and y",{"id":1200,"title":1201,"preview":1202},"polling-day","Polling day","Before an election you get a poll card that tells you where your polling station is (in Scotland, a ",{"id":1204,"title":1205,"preview":1206},"standing-for-election","Standing for election","Most citizens of the UK, the Republic of Ireland or a Commonwealth country can stand for public offi",{"id":1208,"title":1209,"preview":1210},"meeting-your-representatives","Meeting your representatives","You can contact your MP by letter, email or phone, at their constituency office or at the House of C",{"id":1212,"title":1213,"slides":1214},"the-uk-and-the-world","The UK and the world",[1215,1219,1223,1227,1231],{"id":1216,"title":1217,"preview":1218},"the-commonwealth","The Commonwealth","The Commonwealth is a voluntary group of 56 independent countries. Most were once part of the Britis",{"id":1220,"title":1221,"preview":1222},"the-council-of-europe","The Council of Europe","The Council of Europe is not part of the European Union. It was founded in 1949 and has 46 member co",{"id":1224,"title":1225,"preview":1226},"the-united-nations","The United Nations","The United Nations was set up in 1945, after the Second World War, to prevent war and keep peace. It",{"id":1228,"title":1229,"preview":1230},"nato","NATO","The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, is a military alliance of countries in Europe and N",{"id":1232,"title":1233,"preview":1234},"leaving-the-european-union","Leaving the European Union","The UK joined the European Economic Community in 1973. In a referendum in 2016, a majority voted to ",{"id":1236,"title":1237,"slides":1238},"the-law-and-the-police","The law and the police",[1239,1243,1247,1251,1255,1259,1263],{"id":1240,"title":1241,"preview":1242},"equal-before-the-law","Equal before the law","The law applies to everyone in the UK in the same way. It does not matter where you were born, what ",{"id":1244,"title":1245,"preview":1246},"criminal-law-and-civil-law","Criminal law and civil law","UK law has two main parts. Criminal law covers crimes. The police or other agencies investigate, and",{"id":1248,"title":1249,"preview":1250},"some-crimes-to-know-about","Some crimes to know about","Carrying a weapon in public is a crime, even to protect yourself. Buying or selling illegal drugs su",{"id":1252,"title":1253,"preview":1254},"what-the-police-do","What the police do","The police have three main duties: to protect life and property, to keep the peace, and to prevent a",{"id":1256,"title":1257,"preview":1258},"police-and-crime-commissioners","Police and Crime Commissioners","Since November 2012, people in most of England and Wales have elected a Police and Crime Commissione",{"id":1260,"title":1261,"preview":1262},"police-officers-and-complaints","Police officers and complaints","Police officers must obey the law themselves. They must not misuse their powers, lie, be rude or tre",{"id":1264,"title":1265,"preview":1266},"terrorism-and-extremism","Terrorism and extremism","The UK faces several kinds of terrorist threat. The government's assessment names Islamist terrorism",{"id":1268,"title":1269,"slides":1270},"the-courts","The courts",[1271,1275,1279,1283,1287,1291,1295,1299],{"id":1272,"title":1273,"preview":1274},"independent-judges","Independent judges","Judges and other judicial office-holders together are called the judiciary. They interpret the law a",{"id":1276,"title":1277,"preview":1278},"minor-criminal-cases","Minor criminal cases","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, most minor criminal cases go to a Magistrates' Court. In Sco",{"id":1280,"title":1281,"preview":1282},"serious-criminal-cases","Serious criminal cases","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, serious crimes are tried in the Crown Court, in front of a j",{"id":1284,"title":1285,"preview":1286},"juries","Juries","A jury is a group of members of the public chosen at random from the electoral register. In England ",{"id":1288,"title":1289,"preview":1290},"young-people-in-court","Young people in court","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, people aged 10 to 17 who are accused of a crime usually go t",{"id":1292,"title":1293,"preview":1294},"civil-courts","Civil courts","In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the County Court deals with most civil cases. Examples are u",{"id":1296,"title":1297,"preview":1298},"small-claims","Small claims","For small money disputes there is a simpler, cheaper route. You usually do not need a lawyer, and th",{"id":1300,"title":1301,"preview":1302},"getting-legal-advice","Getting legal advice","Solicitors are trained lawyers. They give legal advice, act for their clients and can represent them",{"id":1304,"title":1305,"slides":1306},"tax","Tax",[1307,1311,1315,1319,1323],{"id":1308,"title":1309,"preview":1310},"income-tax","Income tax","People pay income tax on money from a job, profits from self-employment, some benefits, pensions, an",{"id":1312,"title":1313,"preview":1314},"self-employed-people-and-tax-returns","Self-employed people and tax returns","Self-employed people do not use PAYE. They fill in a Self Assessment tax return every year and pay t",{"id":1316,"title":1317,"preview":1318},"national-insurance","National Insurance","Most working people pay National Insurance, both employees and the self-employed. You start paying a",{"id":1320,"title":1321,"preview":1322},"your-national-insurance-number","Your National Insurance number","A National Insurance number makes sure your tax and contributions are recorded under your name only.",{"id":1324,"title":1325,"preview":1326},"council-tax-and-vat","Council Tax and VAT","Most adults who live in a home also pay Council Tax to their local council. It helps pay for local s",{"id":1328,"title":1329,"slides":1330},"driving","Driving",[1331,1335,1339,1343],{"id":1332,"title":1333,"preview":1334},"learning-to-drive","Learning to drive","In the UK you drive on the left. You can start learning to drive a car at 17, and to ride a moped at",{"id":1336,"title":1337,"preview":1338},"your-vehicle","Your vehicle","Cars and motorcycles must be registered with the DVLA and taxed. Driving without insurance is a seri",{"id":1340,"title":1341,"preview":1342},"new-drivers-in-northern-ireland","New drivers in Northern Ireland","Newly qualified drivers in Northern Ireland must show an \"R\" plate, meaning \"restricted\". A new sche",{"id":1344,"title":1345,"preview":1346},"driving-with-a-foreign-licence","Driving with a foreign licence","The rules depend on where your licence comes from and what you drive. In many cases, if you become r","Parliament, elections, courts, and your rights and duties.",1794177772463]